【研究意义】番石榴(Psidium guajava L.)为桃金娘科(Myrtaceae)番石榴属(Psidium)常绿灌木或小乔木,现已成为我国南亚热带地区重要的果树品种之一[1]。金斗香番石榴是广东省农业科学院果树研究所与其他单位合作,从本地番石榴实生苗中选育出的番石榴新品种,该品种果实卵圆形,果个均匀,果皮黄白色,果肉白色,肉质细嫩软滑、香气浓郁、风味独特。金斗香番石榴植株生长迅速,分枝力强,当年定植当年可开花结果,花期主要集中在每年4—5月和8—9月,果实成熟期分别在7月(正造果)和12月(二造果)[2]。近年来,该品种在湛江徐闻、广州南沙、中山坦洲等地进行示范推广,综合性状表现优良,适宜在广东番石榴种植区发展,具有广阔的市场前景。由于正造果生育期正处高温天气,生育期短,果实养分积累少,导致果实口感风味和品质比二造果差,市场售价低,影响经济效益。【前人研究进展】叶面施肥可强化作物营养,调控生长发育[3],能有效提高产量和品质[4-5]。海藻肥作为一种新型绿色有机肥,含有大量可促进作物生长的矿物成分和生物活性物质,既可单独施用,也可与肥料配施,可以调理土壤[6-7]、提高养分利用效率[8],还能促进植物生长发育[9-10]、提高产量[11]、改善品质[12]。Ali等[13]研究发现海藻肥能显著促进西红柿植株增长和产量增加;Kamel等[14]发现海藻提取物可提高橙子果实重量和可溶性固形物(TSS)含量,同时还能提高糖含量和Vc含量,表明海藻提取物对果实的大小和品质均有提高作用。Arthur等[15]在辣椒上使用海藻肥可以提高Vc含量。目前,国内外在多种作物上应用海藻肥均表现出良好的效果[16],但海藻磷钾肥在番石榴上的应用尚未见报道。【本研究切入点】通过采用不同浓度海藻磷钾肥在金斗香番石榴果实生育期进行叶面喷施,分析比较不同处理对金斗香番石榴生长、产量和品质等方面的影响。【拟解决的关键问题】确定海藻磷钾肥对番石榴增产及提高果实品质效果以及最佳喷施浓度,以期为提高金斗香番石榴正造果的产量和品质,为广大果农增产、增收提供技术支持。
供试品种为3年生金斗香番石榴(由广东省农业科学院果树研究所提供),供试肥料为海藻磷钾肥(由江苏汉珀农业科技有限公司生产,海藻活性有机物≥20%,P2O5 30%,K2O 40%),液体有机肥(由广州优卡思农业技术有限公司生产,氨基酸≥100 g/L,Fe + Zn + B≥20 g/L)。
试验在广东省中山市坦洲镇穗丰种植场进行,试验园土壤为粘壤土,其基本理化性状为:pH 6.1,有机质含量1.7%,碱解氮含量141.5 mg/kg,有效磷含量86.2 mg/kg,速效钾含量182.3 mg/kg。此试验园主栽品种为金斗香番石榴,3年生,行株距为4 m×3 m,果园面积为3.3 hm2。定植时挖大穴进行定植,穴施基肥鸡粪10 kg、过磷酸钙1.5 kg、石灰0.7 kg。
试验设海藻磷钾肥2 000、1 500、1 000、500倍液4个浓度处理,以灌溉水(CK1)和市售液体有机肥2 000倍液(CK2)为对照。于金斗香番石榴正造果幼果期(套袋前)叶面喷施不同浓度海藻磷钾肥和液体有机肥,隔7 d再喷施1次,共喷2次。每个处理3次重复,随机区组排列,每个重复5棵树,管理方法一致。
果实成熟期每株随机采摘5个果实,果实重量用电子天平测定;果实横径和纵径用电子游标卡尺测量,并换算果形指数(果实纵径/横径);用手持折光仪测定果实TSS含量;采用蒽酮法测量可溶性糖含量,采用2,6-二氯靛酚钠滴定法测定Vc含量;可滴定酸(TA)采用氢氧化钠滴定法测定;调查当季产量,实测称重。
采用Microsoft Excel 2007进行数据处理,用SPSS 19.0 软件进行Duncan多重比较。
由表1可知,不同浓度海藻磷钾肥对番石榴果实生长状况均有不同程度的促进作用,随着海藻磷钾肥浓度的增加,金斗香番石榴单果重、横径和纵径均呈先增加后下降趋势。其中,海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液处理影响最为显著,单果重、果实横径、纵径分别为126.35 g、5.49 cm和5.83 cm,与CK1相比分别提高39.81%、14.85%和14.99%;海藻磷钾肥1 000倍液处理影响略低,但与海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液处理差异不显著,与其他处理相比,均达到显著水平;液体有机肥2 000倍液处理(CK2)单果重、果实横径、纵径与CK1相比差异也达到显著水平。结果表明,海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液和1 000倍液均可显著促进番石榴的生长,果实整体增大,其效果与液体有机肥相比差异显著。
表1 不同浓度海藻磷钾肥对金斗香番石榴果实生长状况的影响
Table 1 Effects of different concentrations of alginate phosphorus fertilizer on fruit growth of Psidium guajava cv.Jindouxiang
注: 同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences.
果形指数Fruit shape index CK1 90.37±2.64a 4.78±0.51a 5.07±0.13a 1.06±0.08 2000 倍 Diluted 2000 times 112.28±3.51b 5.21±0.15ab 5.36±0.08b 1.03±0.02 1500 倍 Diluted 1500 times 126.35±3.06c 5.49±0.08b 5.83±0.19c 1.06±0.04 1000 倍 Diluted 1000 times 125.29±4.85c 5.32±0.12b 5.76±0.07c 1.08±0.02 500 倍 Diluted 500 times 108.91±7.56b 5.14±0.11ab 5.37±0.12b 1.04±0.01 CK2 113.22±3.23b 5.24±0.12b 5.32±0.09b 1.02±0.03处理Treatment单果重Single fruit weight(g)横径Horizontal diameter(cm)纵径Longitudinal diameter(cm)
从表2可以看出,海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液处理产量较CK1增加35.75%,且与其他处理相比均达显著水平;随着海藻磷钾肥浓度增加,产量略有下降,海藻磷钾肥1 000倍液处理的增产效果也比较明显,与CK1相比提高27.46%,但与海藻磷钾肥2 000倍液、500倍液处理相比没有显著差异;液体有机肥2 000倍液处理(CK2)与CK1相比产量提高19.69%,差异显著,与海藻磷钾肥2 000倍液处理相比提高2.17%,但差异不显著。结果表明,海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液对金斗香番石榴的增产效果最为显著,不仅提高单果质量,且产量达到最大值。施用海藻磷钾肥2 000倍液对金斗香番石榴也有一定的增产效果。
从表3可以看出,海藻磷钾肥各浓度处理均能够提高Vc含量,其中海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液和1 000倍液处理表现显著的效果,较CK1分别提高20.1%和16.7%;海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液处理TSS含量最高(达到9.2%),与其他处理比较均达到显著水平,与CK1相比提高39.4%;而对TA含量的影响,除海藻磷钾肥2 000倍液处理外,海藻磷钾肥1 500倍、1 000倍、500倍液和液体有机肥2 000倍液处理(CK2)均表现良好效果,与CK1相比差异显著,TA含量分别降低14.2%、13.5%、11.3%和12.1%,但4个处理之间差异不显著。
表2 不同浓度海藻磷钾肥对金斗香番石榴产量的影响
Table 2 Effects of different concentrations of alginate phosphorus fertilizer on the yield of Psidium guajava cv.Jindouxiang
注: 同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences.
产量Yield (kg/667m2 )CK1 90.37±2.64a 138.76 19.3±0.96a 1061.5±45.5a 2000 倍 Diluted 2000 time 112.28±3.51b 146.08 22.6±0.72bc 1243±48.7bc 1500 倍 Diluted 1500 time 126.35±3.06c 159.36 26.2±1.92d 1441±50.6d 1000倍 Diluted 1000 time 125.29±4.85c 157.14 24.6±1.56c 1353±35.8cd 500倍Diluted 500 time 108.91±7.56b 143.80 21.5±1.23ab 1182.5±84.6b CK2 113.22±3.23b 141.05 23.1±0.96bc 1270.5±56.3bc处理Treatment单果重Single fruit weight (g)最大单果重Maximum fruit weight (g)株产量Yield of single plant (kg)
果实品质在很大程度上取决于果实积累的糖的种类和含量[17]。从表3可以看出,不同处理之间总糖含量差异很大,其中海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液处理果实总糖含量最多,比含量最少的CK1提高64.3%。果实可溶性糖是果实风味物质生物合成的基础原料,直接影响果实的食用价值[18]。蔗糖是果实中含量最高的可溶性糖,可溶性糖含量最高的处理为海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液,达3.8%,比CK1提高72.7%;其次为海藻磷钾肥1 000倍液处理,为3.2%;液体有机肥2 000倍液处理(CK2)为3.1%,与CK1相比差异显著。可见,施用海藻磷钾肥可明显提高果实蔗糖含量,尤其是海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液处理提高效果最明显。
表3 不同浓度海藻磷钾肥对金斗香番石榴果实品质的影响
Table 3 Effects of different concentrations of alginate phosphorus fertilizer on the fruit quality of Psidium guajava cv.Jindouxiang
注: 同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences.
总糖Sucrose (%)CK1 62.7±1.63a 6.6±0.26a 1.41±0.03a 4.2±0.26a 2.2±0.10a 2000 倍 Diluted 2000 time 67.2±1.37b 7.3±0.17b 1.34±0.04a 5.2±0.17b 2.6±0.10ab 1500 倍 Diluted 1500 time 75.3±2.65d 9.2±0.52d 1.21±0.07b 6.9±0.20d 3.8±0.17d 1000 倍 Diluted 1000 time 73.2±1.77cd 8.4±0.26c 1.22±0.04b 6.2±0.26c 3.2±0.26c 500 倍 Diluted 500 time 70.1±2.35bc 8.1±0.26c 1.25±0.02b 5.8±0.36c 2.8±0.1bc CK2 72.2±1.15cd 8.6±0.17c 1.24±0.05b 6.2±0.17c 3.1±0.26bc处理Treatment Vc(mg/100g)TSS(%)蔗糖Total sugar (%)TA(%)
很多研究表明,叶面喷施海藻肥对促进葡萄、冬枣、樱桃、梨、火龙果、橄榄、草莓等果树的生长、提高产量和品质有明显效果[19-25]。本研究结果表明,不同浓度海藻磷钾肥对金斗香番石榴的生长、产量和品质提升均有一定促进作用。其中海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液效果最为显著,与液体有机肥相比,果实增大较为明显,单果重、产量大幅增加,同时,随着海藻有机肥浓度的升高,肥料的效果呈现先升高再降低的变化,这与石伟勇等[26]的研究结果一致。
本研究结果表明,海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液和1 000倍液显著提高了金斗香番石榴Vc含量, 海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液处理提高最为明显,其原因可能是海藻中存在的氨基酸和酶的综合效应促进了Vc含量的增加[27]。糖为果实多种代谢过程提供底物、中间反应物、能量等, 是果实品质和风味形成的重要决定因素[28],蔗糖味感阈值小,在甜度值中的贡献率大,是决定果实甜度风味的主要因子[29]。酸在果实品质的形成中占有举足轻重的地位,风味较甜的果实糖含量不一定很高,但是酸的含量会很低[30]。在本研究中, 海藻磷钾肥提高了果实TSS、总糖和蔗糖含量,降低了TA含量,可能归因于海藻肥中的酶,其促进了不同蛋白质、酸和糖的合成[31]。液体有机肥2 000倍液处理果实蔗糖含量为3.1%,与CK1相比提高40.91%,差异显著,其原因是氨基酸叶面肥促进了植株体内酶的活性提高,使作物新陈代谢旺盛,从而有利于物质的转化和积累,提高其含糖量[32]。增施有机肥尤其是有机叶面肥的使用,对提高果树产量和品质有明显效果[32],而目前番石榴品质大幅度下降的主要原因是偏施滥施化肥,不注重兼施有机肥[33]。本研究结果表明,叶面喷施海藻磷钾肥可以有效提高番石榴果实品质。氨基酸液体有机肥也有一定的效果,至于最佳施用浓度及对金斗香番石榴果实的影响有待进一歩研究。
金斗香番石榴果实香气浓郁、风味独特是该品种的主要特性[2]。商佳胤等[34]研究发现,施用生物有机肥可以显著提高葡萄果实中酮、酯、酸、苯衍生物、烯烃类化合物相对含量,至于海藻磷钾肥对金斗香番石榴香气成分的影响如何,有待进一步研究。
综上所述,叶面喷施海藻磷钾肥提高了金斗香番石榴正造果的单果重、横径和纵径,同时也提高了果实Vc、TSS、糖含量;为提高金斗香番石榴正造果的产量和品质,在实际生产中,选用海藻磷钾肥1 500倍液效果最佳。金斗香番石榴生长和开花结果习性与珍珠番石榴基本相似,本研究结果表明,叶面喷施有机肥是番石榴生产中适宜参考应用的技术措施,具有见效快、作用强、利用率高、施用简便、增产增收明显的特点,因此研究利用叶面喷施有机肥是解决番石榴生产问题的有效途径,对提高番石榴正造果产量和改善品质具有重要意义。
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Effects of Foliar Spraying with Alginate Phosphorus Fertilizer on the Yield and Quality of Psidium guajava cv.Jindouxiang