化肥配施土壤改良剂对双季稻产量、经济效益及土壤化学性质的影响

吴多基,姚冬辉,魏宗强,吴建富

(江西农业大学国土资源与环境学院/江西省鄱阳湖流域农业资源与生态重点实验室,江西 南昌 330045)

摘 要:【目的】施用土壤改良剂是我国南方红壤酸性稻田土壤改良的主要方法,研究化肥配施土壤改良剂对双季稻产量、经济效益及土壤化学性质的影响,旨在为我国南方红壤酸性稻田改良及合理施肥提供理论基础和数据支撑。【方法】以水稻品种中嘉早17 和H优518为早稻、晚稻供试材料,通过大田试验,研究化肥配施不同用量(150、300、450、600 kg/hm2)土壤改良剂对红壤酸性稻田土壤pH值、土壤有效氮磷钾养分、土壤CEC、水稻产量及其构成因素和经济效益的影响。【结果】增施土壤改良剂有利于提高红壤酸性稻田土壤pH和CEC,而对土壤有效氮磷钾养分含量的影响不大。常量施肥条件下,增施土壤改良剂对早稻产量无显著影响,但显著提高了晚稻产量,与单施化肥处理相比增幅为4.0%~5.6%。减施25%化肥条件下,随着土壤改良剂用量增加,早、晚稻产量均呈增加的趋势,但处理间无显著差异。从水稻净收益和产投比来看,早稻减施25%化肥和晚稻常量施肥分别配施150 kg/hm2土壤改良剂有利于提高周年水稻种植的经济效益。【结论】化肥配施土壤改良剂对我国南方红壤稻田酸化改良有一定效果,而且在一定程度上增加了水稻产量和经济效益。

关键词:土壤改良剂;双季稻;南方稻田;经济效益;土壤化学性质

【研究意义】随着经济的持续发展,我国土壤退化问题日益严重,主要表现为土壤硬化、盐碱化、酸化、化学污染和侵蚀等,严重限制了土壤的生产力[1]。对于南方稻田而言,酸化土壤的改良是众多学者的热议话题之一。化学氮肥的长期使用导致土壤酸化[2-4],而土壤酸化活化了重金属元素,对土壤肥力质量、健康质量和农产品质量安全带来一定的负面影响[2,5]。因此,土壤酸化和重金属污染治理已成为现代农业发展中迫切需要解决的重要课题。【前人研究进展】近年来,为适应新时代农业发展理念,土壤改良剂产品的研发得到迅速发展并广泛应用于退化土壤的改良,取得了一系列研究成果,特别是对于我国沙化土壤、盐碱地、石灰性土壤的改良效果显著,大大提高了旱地作物的产量。研究表明,土壤改良剂能有效地改善土壤理化性状[6-8],修复重金属污染的土壤和有效降低农产品中重金属含量[9-11],并对土壤微生物产生积极影响[6,12],从而提高土壤的生产力[13-15]。陈丽娜[16]研究表明,土壤改良剂能够增加风沙地土壤有机质含量,对小麦生长十分有利,能够调节土壤pH值,增强土壤肥力,促进小麦增产。董亮等[17]、秦萍等[18]研究发现,施用土壤改良剂可以优化土壤团粒结构,降低土壤容重及土壤盐分含量,增加土壤有机质含量,有效改良盐渍化土壤,提高作物产量。湛润生等[19]研究认为,硫磺作为一种新型的土壤改良剂,应用于我国干旱和半干旱地区的石灰性土壤,不但能降低土壤的pH值,改善土壤的理化性状,同时能活化土壤养分,从而提高土壤中有效养分的含量,促进作物的生长和发育,降低作物体NO3--N积累。【本研究切入点】关于土壤改良剂的报道多是应用于旱地土壤,促进旱地作物增产,但在我国南方红壤酸性稻田生产上的应用较少[7,15],尤其是化肥配施不同用量土壤改良剂对双季稻产量形成和经济效益的影响还鲜见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】通过大田试验,研究化肥配施土壤改良剂对我国南方红壤酸性稻田早、晚稻产量及其构成因素、水稻经济效益和土壤化学性质的影响,以期为双季水稻生产大面积推广应用土壤改良剂提供科学依据和技术指导。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验于2018年在江西省进贤县温圳镇杨溪村进行。供试土壤为第四纪红色粘土发育的水稻土,常年种植水稻。试验前耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤基本性质为:有机质 26.8 g/kg、碱解氮 114.2 mg/kg、有效磷(P2O5)25.6 mg/kg、速效钾(K2O)98.1 mg/kg,土壤CEC 13.1 cmol/kg,pH 5.1。土壤改良剂主要成分与含量分别为SiO2≥60%、CEC≥10 cmol/kg、S≤4.0%,pH6.8,由香港三谷集团有限公司提供。供试品种:早稻为中嘉早17,晚稻为H优518。供试化肥为尿素(N 46%)、钙镁磷肥(含 P2O5 11.4%)、氯化钾(含K2O 60%)。

1.2 试验方法

早稻、晚稻试验在同一块田进行,设8个处理:常量施肥(100%F);常量施肥,每季分别增施土壤改良剂150、300、450 kg/hm2(分别用G1+100%F、G2+100%F、G3+100%F表示);每季减施25%常量施肥,分别增施土壤改良剂150、300、450、600 kg/hm2(分别用G1-25%F、G2-25%F、G3-25%F、G4-25%F表示)。常量施肥处理,早稻施纯N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5 75 kg/hm2、K2O 150 kg/hm2,晚稻施纯N 180 kg/hm2、P2O5 90 kg/hm2、K2O 180 kg/hm2。各处理早稻氮肥、钾肥均按基肥、分蘖肥与穗肥质量比5∶2∶3施用。晚稻氮肥按基肥、分蘖肥与穗肥质量比4∶2∶4施用,钾肥按基肥、分蘖肥与穗肥质量比5∶2∶3施用。磷肥和土壤改良剂作基肥一次性施用。试验小区随机区组排列,3次重复,小区面积24 m2。小区间土埂用塑料薄膜包裹,单排单灌。人工移栽,栽插密度早稻为13.3 cm×23.3 cm,晚稻为16.7 cm×23.3 cm,早稻每蔸3谷粒苗,晚稻每蔸2谷粒苗。其他按常规高产栽培要求进行。

1.3 测定指标及方法

早稻、晚稻收割前1 d,各处理在调查有效穗数的基础上按平均数法取5蔸进行考种。各处理实割200蔸,脱粒后晒干、称重、测产。同时,在晚稻成熟期,每个处理按五点法取耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤样品以供土壤养分含量、CEC和pH值测定。土壤养分、CEC和pH均按常规分析法[15]测定。

试验数据运用Excel 2007和SPSS16.0软件进行处理和统计分析,采用Duncan新复极差法(LSR)进行差异显著性检验。

2 结果与分析

2.1 化肥配施土壤改良剂对双季稻产量及其构成因素的影响

由表1可知,常量施肥条件下,增施土壤改良剂有利于提高早稻、晚稻产量,其产量增幅随改良剂用量增加而增加。早稻产量处理间差异不显著,而晚稻产量G1+100%F、G2+100%F、G3+100%F处理间差异不显著,但均显著高于100%F处理,增幅为4.0%~5.6%。说明常量施肥条件下,增施土壤改良剂有利于提高双季水稻年总产量,且以增施450 kg/hm2土壤改良剂效果最好。

减施25%化肥条件下,早稻、晚稻产量均以G4-25%F处理最高,但与其他处理差异不显著。早稻产量G1-25%F、G2-25%F、G3-25%F处理均低于常量施肥对应的G1+100%F、G2+100%F、G3+100%F处理,但处理间差异不显著。而晚稻产量则均显著低于常量施肥对应的处理,降幅为4.3%~6.5%,其降幅随土壤改良剂用量增加呈下降趋势。说明减施25%化肥条件下,增施土壤改良剂600 kg/hm2可以维持早稻、晚稻获得高产。

表1 不同处理对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响
Table 1 Effects of different treatments on rice yield and its components

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences.

产量Yield (kg/hm2)早稻 100%F 344.6b 136.5a 70.6d 26.7a 8677.5a Early rice G1+100%F 347.9b 132.1a 74.4c 27.1a 8722.2a G2+100%F 370.4a 122.3b 80.4b 27.2a 8766.9a G3+100%F 363.9a 124.4b 84.1a 27.2a 8945.9a G1-25% F 338.1b 137.9a 74.8c 26.3a 8588.0a G2-25% F 347.9b 128.6b 80.8b 26.4a 8588.0a G3-25% F 341.4b 138.8a 81.3ab 26.8a 8722.2a G4-25% F 347.9b 133.7a 81.9ab 26.9a 8945.9a晚稻 100%F 380.1a 117.3a 83.4b 25.5a 9147.9b Late rice G1+100%F 383.4a 118.7a 84.6b 25.6a 9511.2a G2+100%F 385.8a 113.5a 86.2ab 25.7a 9546.0a G3+100%F 386.3a 115.5a 88.2a 25.7a 9655.8a G1-25% F 368.4b 112.2a 86.3ab 25.5a 8896.7b G2-25% F 370.1b 116.5a 87.2ab 25.7a 9079.7b G3-25% F 368.0b 113.2a 88.2a 25.7a 9236.3b G4-25% F 362.4b 118.2a 90.1a 25.8a 9392.4ab季别Season处理Treatment有效穗数Number of grains per panicle(104/hm2)穗粒数Number of effective spike结实率Seed setting rate (%)千粒质量Thousand-grain weight(g)

产量构成因素(表1)中,常量施肥条件下,早稻单位面积有效穗数G3+100%F处理与G2+100%F处理差异不显著,但均显著高于G1+100%F、100%F处理,而G1+100%F处理和100%F处理差异不显著。晚稻4个处理间差异不显著;减施25%化肥条件下,施用改良剂对早、晚稻单位面积有效穗数影响较小,处理间差异不显著;各处理早稻每穗粒数变化规律不明显,而晚稻处理间差异不显著;早稻、晚稻结实率均随土壤改良剂用量的增加而增加。常量施肥水平下,早稻结实率G1+100%F、G2+100%F、G3+100%F处理较100%F处理增幅达5.5%~19.1%,且差异显著。而晚稻结实率G3+100%F处理与G2+100%F处理差异不显著,但显著高于G1+100%F、100%F处理,增幅为4.3%和5.8%,而G1+100%F处理和100%F处理差异不显著。减施25%化肥条件下,早稻结实率增施土壤改良剂的处理较100%F处理增幅达5.9%~16.0 %,且差异显著;而晚稻结实率以G4-25%F处理为最高,较100%F处理增幅8.0%,且差异显著;早稻、晚稻千粒重处理间差异不显著。说明施用土壤改良剂有利于促进水稻籽粒灌浆,提高其结实率,从而提高水稻产量。这可能与土壤改良剂中含有大量的硅素营养有关,其作用机理还有待进一步研究。

2.2 化肥配施土壤改良剂对双季稻经济效益的影响

从表2可以看出,稻谷产值的变化趋势与产量变化基本一致,随土壤改良剂用量增加基本呈增加的趋势。早稻稻谷产值以G3+100%F、G4-25%F处理最高,达2.15万元/hm2,但处理间差异不显著。晚稻稻谷产值以G3+100%F处理最高,较100%F处理增加5.2%,且差异显著。其他增施土壤改良剂的处理与100%F处理差异不显著。稻草产值处理间差异不显著。早稻净收益处理间差异不显著。晚稻净收益常量施肥增施土壤改良剂的处理间差异不显著,但均显著高于100%F处理,平均增幅为4.8%。减施25%化肥的处理晚稻净收益与100%F处理差异不显著,但均低于常量施肥增施土壤改良剂的处理。产投比早稻以G1-25%F处理最好,晚稻以 G1+100%F处理最好。从净收益和产投比来看,早稻减施25%化肥、配施150 kg/hm2土壤改良剂和晚稻常量施肥、配施150 kg/hm2土壤改良剂有利于提高周年水稻种植的经济效益。

表2 经济效益分析(万元/hm2
Table 2 Analysis of economic benefits(104 yuan/hm2

注:早稻、晚稻稻谷分别按2.4、2.52元/kg计算;稻草、尿素、钙镁磷肥、氯化钾、土壤改良剂分别按0.3、2.6、0.80、3.45、2.0元/kg计算;其他成本包括劳动力成本、农资成本(农药、种子、机械及灌溉等)。同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: The costs of early rice and late rice grains are 2.4 and 2.52 yuan/kg, respectively; the costs of straw, urea, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, potassium chloride and soil amendments are 0.3, 2.6, 0.80, 3.45, 2.0 yuan/kg, respectively; and other costs include labor costs and agricultural material costs (pesticide, seeds,machinery, irrigation and etc.). Different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences.

产投比Output to input ratio早稻 100%F 2.08a 0.26 0.22 0.00 0.90 1.22a 2.09 Early riceG1+100%F 2.09a 0.26 0.22 0.03 0.90 1.20a 2.04 G2+100%F 2.10a 0.26 0.22 0.06 0.90 1.18a 2.00 G3+100%F 2.15a 0.27 0.22 0.09 0.90 1.21a 2.00 G1-25% F 2.06a 0.26 0.17 0.03 0.90 1.22a 2.11 G2-25% F 2.06a 0.26 0.17 0.06 0.90 1.19a 2.05 G3-25% F 2.09a 0.26 0.17 0.09 0.90 1.19a 2.03 G4-25% F 2.15a 0.27 0.17 0.12 0.90 1.23a 2.03晚稻 100%F 2.31b 0.27 0.27 0.00 0.98 1.33b 2.06 Late rice G1+100%F 2.40ab 0.29 0.27 0.03 0.98 1.41a 2.10 G2+100%F 2.41ab 0.29 0.27 0.06 0.98 1.39a 2.06 G3+100%F 2.43a 0.29 0.27 0.09 0.98 1.38a 2.03 G1-25% F 2.24b 0.27 0.20 0.03 0.98 1.30b 2.07 G2-25% F 2.29b 0.27 0.20 0.06 0.98 1.32b 2.06 G3-25% F 2.33b 0.28 0.20 0.09 0.98 1.34ab 2.06 G4-25% F 2.37ab 0.28 0.20 0.12 0.98 1.35ab 2.04季别Season处理Treatment稻谷产值Rice production value稻草产值Straw production value化肥成本Fertilizer cost改良剂成本Amendment cost其他成本Other costs净收益Net income

2.3 化肥配施土壤改良剂对稻田土壤化学性质的影响

2.3.1 对土壤pH值的影响 由图1可知,随着土壤改良剂用量的增加,稻田土壤pH值呈上升趋势。常量施肥条件下,土壤pH值以G3+100%F处理最高,达5.35,较100%F处理上升0.27,且差异达显著水平。减施25%常量施肥条件下,增施土壤改良剂的处理土壤pH值均高于常量施肥100%F处理,且以G4-25% F处理最高,显著高于100% F、G1-25% F、G2-25% F处理,增幅分别为7.28%、5.42%和4.81%。表明增施土壤改良剂对红壤酸性稻田土壤pH值具有一定的调节作用,且以G4-25% F处理的改良效果为最佳。其原因可能与土壤改良剂的性质有关。

图1 不同处理土壤的pH值
Fig.1 Soil pH of different treatments

2.3.2 对土壤养分含量的影响 从表3可以看出,相同施肥条件下,增施土壤改良剂对土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量影响不大。常量施肥处理土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均高于减施25%常量施肥处理。土壤CEC均随改良剂用量增加而增加,且以G3+100%F处理为最高,显著高于100%F、G1+100%F、G1-25%F、G2-25%F处理,增幅分别为13.43%、9.35%、25.62%和15.16%。说明增施土壤改良剂有利于提高土壤的保肥、供肥能力。其原因可能与土壤改良剂的成分有关。

表3 不同处理土壤的养分含量
Table 3 Soil nutrients of different treatments

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences.

处理Treatment碱解氮Alkaline nitrogen(mg/kg)有效磷Available potassium(K2O,mg/kg)速效钾Available phosphorus(P2O5,mg/kg)CEC(cmol/kg)100%F 118.0a 26.8a 103.4ab 13.4b G1+100%F 124.3a 26.3ab 106.2a 13.9b G2+100%F 123.7a 26.9a 107.4a 14.6ab G3+100%F 122.6a 27.1a 111.5a 15.2a G1-25% F 103.4b 24.1c 96.3b 12.1b G2-25% F 102.5b 24.6bc 98.9b 13.2b G3-25% F 103.9b 25.1b 100.8ab 14.3ab G4-25% F 101.3b 25.7b 102.5ab 14.9ab

3 讨论

从20世纪80年代至今,我国农田土壤pH值平均下降了0.5个单位,酸化现象十分普遍[2]。而日趋严重的土壤酸化所引起的土壤理化性质恶化[21]、铝离子和重金属活度提高[22]、土壤微生物活性降低[6]等问题,影响农作物生长及农产品品质[8,22-23],已严重制约了我国特别是南方酸性红壤地区农业的可持续发展[24]。研究表明,土壤改良剂不仅能有效改善退化土壤理化和生物学性质[6-8,12,25],促进农作物正常生长并提高其产量和品质[6-8,13-14],而且还能有效降低土壤重金属活性,减轻对农产品的污染[9-11,26]。赵金星等[7]研究表明,与空白对照相比,施用土壤改良剂显著降低了盐化草甸土土壤pH值。邓小华等[8]研究指出,施用土壤改良剂可以提高黄红壤的pH值、碱解氮和速效磷含量,增加土壤CEC。侯红乾等[27]研究认为,施用土壤改良剂对鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田土壤有机质、碱解氮含量无显著影响,但对土壤速效磷、速效钾和pH 值均有显著的提升作用。范呈根等[28]、吴建富等[29]研究指出,增施土壤改良剂(钢渣粉)能显著提高红壤稻田和红壤旱地土壤pH、CEC 和碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾。本研究结果表明,在等量氮磷钾养分供应条件下,增施土壤改良剂能提高红壤酸性稻田土壤pH和CEC,其增幅与土壤改良剂的用量呈线性关系。说明增施土壤改良剂有利于提高红壤酸性稻田土壤pH和土壤的保肥供肥能力。而对土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量的影响不大,这与已有的报道并非完全一致[8,27-29]。其原因可能与土壤改良剂的成分、含量、性质和研究对象不同有关。

有研究认为,施用土壤改良剂能显著提高水稻产量[7,27]。本研究结果表明,在常量施肥条件下,增施不同用量改良剂的处理早稻产量与单施化肥处理没有明显差异,而晚稻产量均显著高于单施化肥处理,产量增幅达4.0%~5.6%。而在减施25%化肥条件下,增施土壤改良剂处理早、晚稻产量均无显著差异。无论是常量施肥处理,还是减施25%化肥的处理,增施土壤改良剂均有利于提高早、晚稻结实率,且其增幅随改良剂用量增加而增加,这可能与土壤改良剂中含有大量的硅素营养有关,其机理有待研究。从净收益和产投比来看,早稻减施25%化肥、配施150 kg/hm2土壤改良剂和晚稻常量施肥、配施150 kg/hm2土壤改良剂有利于提高周年水稻种植的经济效益。

4 结论

(1)增施土壤改良剂有利于调控土壤酸性,提高土壤pH值和CEC;对土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量影响不大。(2)常量施肥条件下,增施土壤改良剂450 kg/hm2,或者减施25%化肥,增施土壤改良剂600 kg/hm2均有利于双季稻获得高产,其增产原因主要是提高了结实率。(3)从净收益和产投比来看,早稻减施25%化肥、配施土壤改良剂150 kg/hm2和晚稻常量施肥、配施土壤改良剂150 kg/hm2,均有利于提高周年水稻种植的经济效益。

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Effects of Application of Chemical Fertilizer with Soil Amendment on Grain Yield and Economic Benefit of Double Cropping Rice and Soil Chemical Properties

WU Duoji,YAO Donghui,WEI Zongqiang,WU Jianfu
(School of Environmental and Land Resource Management, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Basin Agricultural Resource and Ecology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045,China)

Abstract:【Objective】The application of soil amendment was the main method for soil improvement in acid red soil rice fields in southern China. The effects of chemical fertilizers with soil amendments on yield and economic benefits of double-season rice and soil chemical properties were studied to provide theoretical basis and data support for the improvement of acid red soil rice fields and rational application of fertilizer in southern China. And rational fertilization provides theoretical basis and data support.【Method】Zhongjiazao 17 and H You 518 were used as experimental materials to study the effects of chemical fertilizers with four levels of soil amendments (150, 300, 450 and 600 kg/hm2) on soil pH,available NPK nutrients, soil CEC, grain yield and its components and economic benefits of double cropping rice in acid red soil paddy fields.【Result】Application of soil amendments could improve the soil pH and CEC of acid red soil paddy field, but had little effect on the content of available N, P and K in soil. Under the condition of conventional fertilization, the treatments with soil amendments had no significant effect on the grain yield of early rice, but significantly increased the grain yield of late rice, with an increase by 4.0%-5.6% compared with the treatment without soil amendments. The yields of early and late rice showed an increasing trend with the increase of the application amount of soil amendments, but there was no significant difference between treatments under the condition of reducing fertilizer application by 25%. From the perspectives of the net profit and output to investment ratio of rice, reducing the application of chemical fertilizer by 25% in early rice and conventional fertilization in late rice with 150 kg/hm2 soil amendment, respectively, were conducive to improving the economic benefits of annual rice planting.【Conclusion】The combination of chemical fertilizers and soil amendments has certain improvement effects on acidification of red soil in southern China, and it can increase rice yield and economic benefits to some extent.

Key words: soil amendment; double cropping rice; southern rice field; economic benefit; soil chemical properties

中图分类号:S143;S156.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2019)12-0049-07

收稿日期:2019-09-13

基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0301601);国家自然科学基金(31660596)

作者简介:吴多基(1996—),男,在读硕士生,研究方向为现代施肥技术与养分资源管理,E-mail:wudj97124@163.com

通信作者:吴建富(1967—),男,博士,教授,研究方向为土壤肥料与作物养分管理、废弃物肥料化利用和土壤生态修复,E-mail:wjf6711@126.com

吴多基,姚冬辉,魏宗强,吴建富.化肥配施土壤改良剂对双季稻产量、经济效益及土壤化学性质的影响[J].广东农业科学,2019,46(12):49-55.

(责任编辑 杨贤智)