彩色防虫网覆盖光质差异及其对豇豆生长和产量的影响

陈连珠,张雪彬,陶 凯,杨小锋

(三亚市南繁科学技术研究院,海南 三亚 572000)

摘 要【目的】探讨彩色防虫网内光质差异及对豇豆生长和产量影响,为豇豆光调控技术提供理论依据。【方法】以露地作为对照,研究咖啡网、黄网、红网、绿网、蓝网、银灰网、白网等7种彩色防虫网覆盖下光谱成分及豇豆生长周期、生长特性、干物质分配及产量差异。【结果】与露地相比,防虫网内远红光及近红外光的比例增加,紫外光的比例和红光/远红光降低,绿网内绿光和蓝紫光比例较高,绿光较露地增加3.29%,而红网内红光比例较高,较对照增加24.96%;防虫网内豇豆的抽蔓期提前5~7 d,黄网、红网和蓝网覆盖下豇豆的始花期较露地提前;叶片厚度均较露地显著下降,株高、单叶叶面积和节间长增加,以红网变化最显著;覆盖防虫网可提高豇豆总产量和前期产量,白网总产量最大、其次为绿网,分别较对照增产43.46%和42.02%,二者差异不显著。【结论】在豇豆生产中建议采用白网或绿网覆盖栽培,从而提高产量和上市时间。

关键词豇豆;彩色防虫网;光谱;生长;产量

【研究意义】作为新兴的种植技术,光选择网覆盖栽培兼具作物物理保护和过滤太阳光的作用[1]。彩色网可改变透射光的光谱成分,增加散射光而改变作物冠层的光环境,从而调节作物的生长发育。豇豆是三亚冬季瓜菜生产的主栽作物,但露地栽培的豇豆受虫害为害严重,产量和品质不理想,进行豇豆彩色防虫网栽培研究,有助于通过设施技术实现提高产量和品质的目的。【前人研究进展】研究认为,红网的红橙光透射率较高,蓝网的蓝绿光透射率较高,紫外光、红光以及远红光透射率较低,银灰网和黑网对各种波长的光谱透射率较均匀[2]。红网和黄网可促进观赏植物的营养生长,蓝网使植株矮化,而灰网和珍珠色网促进分枝[3-5]。彩色遮阳网覆盖能显著提高生菜商品产量,球茎直径增加,抽薹期显著提前[6]。使用40%遮阳率的珍珠色和黄色遮阳网覆盖可提高南非地区生菜叶鲜重及商品产量[7]。红网覆盖显著提高了菜心的株高、茎粗、全株鲜质量和叶面积,蓝网、银灰网和黑网覆盖则降低了菜心的生长性状[8]。绿色网内青菜出苗延迟,略有减产,银灰色网内青菜出苗提早,有显著的增产作用[9]。彩色防虫网覆盖对热带设施甜瓜长势、产量及品质产生不同程度的影响,其中咖啡色网产量最高、品质最好[10]。防虫网覆盖栽培可提高菇娘产量和品质,绿网产量增产效果最好,其次为白网[11]。光选择网还影响着蔬菜采后贮藏品质,使其内在活性物质保持在较高水平[12-15]。【本研究切入点】目前,豇豆防虫网栽培方面的研究主要针对彩色防虫网的防虫效果及增产表现,许如意等[16]研究结果表明白网较黑网更能显著提高豇豆产量。黑网会推迟冬季豇豆的生育期,绿网覆盖下植株长势强、产量高,且病虫害少[17]。罗丰等[18]研究发现绿色防虫网的豇豆株高、叶绿素指数均最高,抽蔓期和结荚期提前,采收期延长,而白网覆盖下豇豆的生育期推迟。【拟解决的关键问题】本文在前人的研究基础上,进一步研究彩色防虫网下光谱成分差异及对豇豆生长发育和产量影响,以期探索光质与豇豆生长及产量的关系,从而为豇豆防虫网的光质调控技术提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

供试豇豆品种为美满天下。

1.2 试验设计

试验于2018年1-4月在三亚市南繁科学技术研究院农业科技示范园进行,所有大棚均采用孔径0.425 mm防虫网全覆盖栽培。设置咖啡网、黄网、红网、绿网、蓝网、银灰网、白网覆盖共7个处理,各处理遮光率约30%,以露地为对照,采用随机区组设计,每个处理4次重复,小区面积12 m2,单垄双行种植,大行距80 cm、小行距70 cm,穴距15 cm,每穴留两株苗。2018年1月17日播种,田间管理措施一致。

1.3 调查项目及方法

1.3.1 光谱成分 采用光谱分析仪(UniSpec-SC,US),于3月20日测定不同防虫网处理透射光谱成分,采样间隔1 nm,光谱分辨率1 nm,波段设置310~1 150 nm。每个处理重复测定3次。

1.3.2 豇豆生育期、生长特性和产量调查 (1)生育期:调查出苗期、抽蔓期、始花期、始收期时间。(2)生长特性:株高和茎粗于抽蔓期测定,株高为地面到顶端的长度,茎粗为子叶基部大小;叶片厚度、单叶叶面积和节间长于开花结果期测定,节间长为第3节两个叶柄之间的距离,选择同一节位中复叶的中间叶片,使用游标卡尺和叶面积仪分别进行叶片厚度和单叶叶面积测定。各小区随机选取3株进行测定。(3)植株干物质分配:于抽蔓期测定,各小区随机选取长势相近的3株植株分别测定根、茎、叶干鲜重,并计算各器官干物质分配比。(4)产量:按处理逐批记录各小区豇豆商品产量,计算各小区总产量、前期产量(始收期后10 d产量和)和后期产量(末收期前10 d内产量和),并计算产量比。

试验数据用Excel 2003进行整理,用SPSS 18.0软件中的ANOVA进行方差分析,用Duncan's进行P<0.05 水平的多重比较。

2 结果与分析

2.1 彩色防虫网覆盖对光质的影响

由表1可知,除咖啡网外,其他防虫网处理的紫外光比例较露地低,以红网最低,其次为绿网和银灰网;除绿网外,覆盖防虫网的蓝紫光比例均低于对照,白网、银灰网、蓝网、红网、黄网和咖啡网分别较对照降低5.4%、14.37%、2.33%、41.87%、13.27%和12.21%;绿网的绿光比例较对照增加3.29%,白网、银灰网、蓝网、红网、黄网和咖啡网分别较对照降低1.88%、11.78%、22.03%、18.31%、4.54%和4.82%;白网、红网、黄网和咖啡网的红橙光比例分别较对照增加1.26%、24.96%、1.94%和4.42%,银灰网、蓝网和绿网分别较对照降低3.83%、14.9%和3.16%;防虫网处理的远红光比例和近红外光比例均较对照增加,最大的为红网,其次为蓝网,显著大于对照及其他处理;防虫网处理的红光/远红光均较对照降低,除白网外差异均达显著水平,蓝网最低;白网、银灰网、红网、黄网和咖啡网的红光/蓝光较对照增加,其中红网最大,显著大于对照及其他处理,蓝网和绿网的红光/蓝光较对照降低,但差异不显著。

表1 不同颜色防虫网透射光谱比例(%)
Table 1 Ratio of transmission spectrum of colored fly nets (%)

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: The different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences .

处理Treatment紫外光Ultraviolet(300~400 nm)蓝紫光Blue violet ligh(400~500 nm)绿光Green ligh(500~600 nm)红橙光Red orange ligh(600~700 nm)远红光Far red ligh(700~800 nm)近红外光Near infrated(800~1100 nm)红光/远红光R/FR红光/蓝光R/B露地 Open field(CK) 3.48±0.10ab 22.76±0.32a 29.28±0.11b 20.60±0.04c 15.27±0.30d 8.61±0.27f 1.35±0.03a 0.91±0.01bc白网 White-net 3.22±0.21b 21.53±1.01a 28.74±0.40bc 20.82±0.16c 16.09±0.66cd 9.59±0.79ef 1.30±0.04ab 0.97±0.05bc银灰网 Silver grey-net 2.76±0.08cd 19.49±0.27b 25.83±0.32e 19.81±0.12d 19.80±0.36b 12.30±0.42bc 1.00±0.02f 1.02±0.01b蓝网 Blue-net 3.26±0.26ab 22.23±1.20a 22.83±0.79g 17.53±0.40e 21.14±0.85a 13.02±1.22a 0.83±0.04g 0.79±0.05c绿网 Green-net 2.65±0.16d 21.77±0.67a 30.24±0.46a 17.89±0.42e 16.58±0.44c 10.86±0.46de 1.08±0.03e 0.82±0.04c红网 Red-net 2.01±0.42e 13.23±1.50c 23.92±0.68f 25.74±0.48a 21.66±1.20a 13.45±1.00a 1.19±0.05d 1.97±0.27a黄网 Yellow-net 3.16±0.13bc 19.74±0.46b 27.95±0.40cd 21.00±0.14bc 17.03±0.43c 11.13±0.41cd 1.23±0.02cd 1.06±0.03b咖啡网 Coffee-net 3.66±0.29a 19.98±0.39b 27.87±0.13d 21.51±0.44b 16.87±0.61c 10.10±0.52de 1.28±0.02bc 1.08±0.04b

2.2 彩色防虫网覆盖对豇豆生育期的影响

从表2可以看出,在同一天播种的情况下,覆盖防虫网豇豆出苗期与对照没有差异;抽蔓期均较对照提前,覆盖咖啡网、黄网和蓝网的豇豆抽蔓期最早,均较对照提前7 d;覆盖蓝网、红网和黄网的豇豆始花期较对照提前1~2 d,而白网和绿网处理较对照有所推迟;除白网外,各处理豇豆的始收期均早于对照,黄网和红网覆盖下豇豆始收期较早,均较对照提前4 d。

表2 不同颜色防虫网覆盖下豇豆生育期比较
Table 2 Comparison of the growth period of cowpea under the coverage of different colored fly nets

处理Treatment 出苗期Seedling date 抽蔓期Sprouting date 始花期Initial flowering date 始收期Initial harvest date露地Open field(CK) 2018-02-02 2018-02-18 2018-03-06 2018-03-20白网White-net 2018-02-02 2018-02-13 2018-03-07 2018-03-20银灰网Silver grey-net 2018-02-02 2018-02-12 2018-03-06 2018-03-19蓝网Blue-net 2018-02-02 2018-02-11 2018-03-04 2018-03-19绿网Green-net 2018-02-02 2018-02-12 2018-03-07 2018-03-18红网Red-net 2018-02-02 2018-02-12 2018-03-05 2018-03-16黄网Yellow-net 2018-02-02 2018-02-11 2018-03-04 2018-03-16咖啡网Coffee-net 2018-02-02 2018-02-11 2018-03-06 2018-03-18

2.3 彩色防虫网覆盖对豇豆生长特性的影响

覆盖防虫网后豇豆叶片厚度均较对照显著降低,白网、银灰网、蓝网、绿网、红网、黄网和咖啡网处理分别较对照降低26.31%、23.68%、26.31%、23.68%、36.84%、34.21% 和 39.47%;各处理豇豆单叶叶面积较对照显著增加,白网、银灰网、蓝网、绿网、红网、黄网和咖啡网覆盖下豇豆单叶叶面积分别增加34.83%、36.27%、29.03%、35.17%、54.68%、24.73% 和 35.53%;白网、蓝网、绿网、红网和黄网处理豇豆的茎粗分别较对照增加6.41%、2.52%、2.33%、13.4%和9.9%,而银灰网和咖啡网处理豇豆分别较对照降低0.39%和1.17%;各处理豇豆株高均较对照显著增加,以红网最大,其次为绿网,株高增加最小的为白网;各处理豇豆节间长均较对照显著增加,绿网最大,其次为红网和银灰网,节间长增加最小的为白网(表3)。

表3 不同颜色防虫网覆盖下豇豆生长特性比较
Table 3 Comparison of the growth properties of cowpea under the coverage of different colored fly nets

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: The different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences.

节间长Internode length(cm)露地 Open field(CK) 0.38±0.04a 83.09±6.76c 5.15±0.68c 13.33±1.22d 4.56±1.13e白网 White-net 0.28±0.05b 112.03±12.97ab 5.48±0.28abc 37.44±5.43c 17.50±4.42d银灰网 Silver grey-net 0.29±0.03b 113.23±8.61ab 5.13±0.39c 45.78±4.32ab 22.61±3.06abc蓝网 Blue-net 0.28±0.03b 107.21±14.42b 5.28±0.33bc 43.33±6.69bc 21.33±4.06bc绿网 Green-net 0.29±0.03b 112.31±7.70ab 5.27±0.42bc 50.00±6.36a 25.11±3.88a红网 Red-net 0.24±0.04b 128.52±3.06a 5.84±0.57a 50.33±4.56a 22.83±3.70ab黄网 Yellow-net 0.25±0.02b 103.64±11.63b 5.66±0.53ab 46.11±10.82ab 20.56±4.40bcd咖啡网 Coffee-net 0.23±0.01b 112.61±11.42ab 5.09±0.19c 38.17±5.34c 19.00±3.07cd处理Treatment叶厚Leaf thickness(mm)单叶叶面积Single leaf area(cm2)茎粗Stem diameter(mm)株高Plant height(cm)

2.4 彩色防虫网覆盖对豇豆干物质分配的影响

由表4可知,豇豆根干重仅白网和蓝网覆盖处理分别较对照增加24.44%和4.44%,咖啡网处理根干重最小,较对照降低37.78%;白网、绿网和黄网覆盖下豇豆的茎干重分别较对照增加3.82%、12.24%和43.4%,其他处理茎干重较对照降低;白网、绿网、红网和黄网覆盖下豇豆叶干重分别较对照增加14.93%、33.17%、2.32%和63.02%,而银灰网和咖啡网处理分别较对照降低38.64%和4.31%;白网、银灰网和蓝网处理的根干重百分比较对照分别增加14.93%、13.91%和8.14%,其他防虫网处理豇豆根干重占比显著低于对照;白网、银灰网、蓝网、绿网、红网、黄网和咖啡网处理茎干重占比较对照分别减少5.52%、4.76%、4.11%、7.99%、2.50%、5.05%和4.62%,但处理间没有显著差异;覆盖防虫网的豇豆叶干重占比均较对照增加,白网、银灰网、蓝网、绿网、红网、黄网和咖啡网分别增加3.68%、3.13%、2.98%、8.87%、3.68%、8.11%、6.24%,处理间差异不显著。

表4 不同颜色防虫网覆盖下豇豆各器官干重及分配比例比较
Table 4 Comparison of dry weight and distribution proportion of organs in cowpea under the coverage of different colored fly nets

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: The different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences .

占比Leaf percentage(%)露地 Open field(CK) 0.45±0.02b 3.81±0.15a 5.23±0.31bc 44.78±2.70 6.03±0.76c 51.41±2.84白网 White-net 0.56±0.06a 4.38±0.63a 5.43±0.15bc 42.31±3.75 6.93±0.55c 53.30±4.22银灰网 Silver grey-net 0.30±0.02d 4.34±0.22a 2.97±0.31d 42.65±3.11 3.70±0.50d 53.02±3.25蓝网 Blue-net 0.47±0.04b 4.12±0.45a 4.90±0.36bc 42.94±2.28 6.03±0.12c 52.94±1.92绿网 Green-net 0.41±0.04bc 2.82±0.10b 5.93±0.93b 41.20±1.76 8.03±0.90b 55.97±1.78红网 Red-net 0.35±0.07cd 3.04±0.51b 5.07±0.70bc 43.66±3.45 6.17±0.51c 53.30±3.06黄网 Yellow-net 0.33±0.03cd 1.90±0.32c 7.50±1.01a 42.52±0.79 9.83±0.78a 55.58±1.10咖啡网 Coffee-net 0.28±0.08d 2.67±0.20b 4.47±0.90c 42.71±4.19 5.77±0.51c 54.62±4.14处理Treatment根干重Dry weight of root(g)占比Root percentage(%)茎干重Dry weight of stem(g)占比Stem percentage(%)叶干重Dry weight of leaf(g)

2.5 彩色防虫网覆盖对豇豆产量的影响

从表5可以看出,覆盖防虫网豇豆的总产量均较对照增加,以白网处理总产量最大,其次为绿网和黄网,显著大于其他处理,较对照分别增产43.46%、42.02%和39.25。除银灰网外,覆盖防虫网处理均可提高豇豆前期产量,以黄网覆盖处理的前期产量最大,其次为绿网,分别较对照增加40.97%和28.17%;前期产量占比最大的处理为蓝网,与对照差异不显著,但显著大于白网、银灰网及咖啡网覆盖处理。后期产量最大的处理为覆盖绿网处理,其次为覆盖黄网,分别较对照增加31.98%和30.8%;后期产量比最大的处理同样为蓝网,显著大于银灰网、红网和咖啡网。

表5 不同颜色防虫网覆盖下豇豆产量比较
Table 5 Comparison of yield of cowpea under the coverage of different colored fly nets

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: The different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences.

占比Percentage of total yield(%)露地 Open field(CK) 36159.74±4192.68c 12139.40±1359.81cd 33.92±5.72ab 8972.54±2142.48c 22.41±4.56abc白网 White-net 51875.93±4671.03a 14132.06±1470.02bc 27.25±1.63c 10955.48±2541.16ab 23.35±3.67ab银灰网 Silver grey-net 38877.76±1835.12bc 10642.82±1410.81d 27.41±3.67c 7755.26±1953.63c 21.59±4.24bc蓝网 Blue-net 37552.1±5637.08bc 13869.43±1132.87bc 37.24±2.92a 9492.24±1593.79bc 25.38±2.47a绿网 Green-net 51352.75±5670.76a 15559.16±881.15ab 34.67±5.65ab 11842.03±1581.10a 24.99±2.41a红网 Red-net 42316.98±1475.26bc14132.06±1693.55bc 33.42±4.01abc 8127.67±1749.21c 19.82±3.72c黄网 Yellow-net 50352.25±2863.36a 17112.72±1742.86a 33.96±2.40ab 11735.73±2261.15a 24.60±3.60ab咖啡网 Coffee-net 43819.82±3703.11b 12918.96±2418.87cd 29.37±3.85bc 8417.40±2254.86c 20.06±4.50c处理Treatment总产量Total yield(kg/hm2)前期产量Early yield(kg/hm2)占比Percentage of total yield(%)后期产量Later yield(kg/hm2

3 讨论

光质是影响作物生长发育的重要光因子之一,防虫网覆盖改变了豇豆生长环境的光谱成分,主要表现为降低紫外光的比例,提高远红光及近红外光的比例,从而降低红光/远红光,绿网可提高绿光和蓝紫光比例,而红网可提高红光比例,这与张瑞华等[19]在不同颜色塑料薄膜内光谱成分研究结果相似。覆盖防虫网对豇豆的抽蔓期影响最大,提前5~7 d,主要是由于防虫网的光照强度减弱,降低了强光对顶芽的生长抑制,导致抽蔓时间提前。仅黄网、红网和蓝网覆盖处理豇豆的始花期较对照略有提前,表明在同样的光强度下,不同处理间光质差异影响了豇豆的生殖生长。覆盖防虫网的豇豆叶片厚度均显著下降,株高、单叶叶面积和节间长增加,主要是由于覆盖防虫网后光强度的减弱,而红网处理豇豆的单叶叶面积、茎粗和株高增加最显著,表明增加红光比例有利于豇豆的营养生长,与前人在菜心上的研究结果[8]基本一致。适度遮荫可提高蔬菜作物的光合性能和产量[20]。覆盖防虫网可提高豇豆总产量和前期产量,以白网和绿网处理增产最显著,白网处理的总产量略大于绿网,而绿网的前期产量和后期产量优于白网,但二者没有显著差异,与前人认为绿网总产量、前期产量均显著大于白网的研究结论[16-18]不一致。

4 结论

在豇豆生产中可以采用白网或绿网覆盖栽培,从而提高产量和上市时间,白网和绿网产量较高可能与其较高的绿光比例有关,但需进一步深入研究。

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Difference of Light Quality Under Fly Nets with Different Colours and Its Effects on the Growth and Yield of Cowpea

CHEN Lianzhu, ZHANG Xuebin, TAO Kai, YANG Xiaofeng
Sanya Science and Technology Academy for Crop Winter Multiplication, Sanya 572000, China

Abstract【Objective】To investigate the difference of light quality under fly nets with different colors and its effect on the growth and yield of cowpea, and provide theoretical references for the light control technology of cowpea.【Method】Open field was used as a contrast to study the spectral components and the difference in the growth period,growth characteristics, dry matter distribution and yield of cowpea under fly nets with seven different colors (coffee, yellow,red, green, blue, silver grey and white). 【Result】Compared with open field, under the fly nets, the proportion of far-red light and near-infrared light increased while the proportion of ultraviolet light and red light/far-red light decreased. In the green net, the proportion of green light and blue-violet light increased, among which the green light increased by 3.29%;while in the red net, the proportion of red light increased by 24.96% than the contrast; Under the fly nets, the sprouting time of cowpea was 5 to 7 days ahead of schedule, and the initial flowering of cowpea covered by yellow net, red net and blue net was earlier than that in the open field. Compared with the open field, the leaves thickness decreased significantly, and the plant height, single leaf area and internode length increased, among which the change under the red net was the most significant. The coverage of fly nets could increase the total yield and the yield at early stage of cowpea, among which the total output under the white net was the largest, followed by the green net, which were 43.46% and 42.02% higher than the contrast respectively. The difference between the two was not significant. 【Conclusion】It is recommended to use white nets or green nets in cowpea production to increase yield and release products earlier.

Key wordscowpea; colored fly net; spectral component; growth; yield

中图分类号S436.43

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2019)02-0045-06

陈连珠,张雪彬,陶 凯,杨小锋.彩色防虫网覆盖光质差异及其对豇豆生长和产量的影响[J].广东农业科学,2019,46(2):45-50.

收稿日期:2018-11-06

基金项目:国家科技支撑计划项目(2014BAD05B04);海南省热带设施农业工程中心专项

作者简介:陈连珠(1986-),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向为蔬菜栽培,E-mail:344703924@qq.com

通信作者:杨小锋(1977-),男,博士,研究员,研究方向为设施农业工程,E-mail:hnmelon2008@163.com

(责任编辑 张辉玲)