镁钙硼肥配施对永嘉早香柚叶片与果实品质的影响

陈 巍1,郭秀珠2,胡 丹3,刘俊才4,黄品湖2,刘冬峰2,林绍生2,宋 洋2

(1.江苏农林职业技术学院,江苏 句容 212400;2.浙江省亚热带作物研究所,浙江 温州 325005;3.温州市特产站,浙江 温州 325000;4.永嘉县农业局,浙江 永嘉 325199)

摘 要:【目的】针对永嘉早香柚缺镁问题,研究镁肥及与钙硼肥配施对永嘉早香柚叶片和果实品质的影响。【方法】在永嘉早香柚萌芽期开展镁肥不同施用量及与钙、硼肥配施试验,7月中旬从树体不同方位采集当年生春梢叶片,测定叶片镁、钙、硼和叶绿素含量,果实成熟时采摘大小一致的果实,测定果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和总酸含量。【结果】增施镁肥可显著提高永嘉早香柚叶片叶绿素和镁含量,其中硫酸镁0.5 kg/株处理的叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和镁含量分别为1.64 g/kg、0.69 g/kg、0.32%,比对照(施三元复合肥2.5 kg/株)分别增加22.4%、11.3%和0.11个百分点,镁含量达到柑橘叶片的适宜标准。增施镁肥还可提高永嘉早香柚果实可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量,其中硫酸镁0.5 kg/株处理最高,比对照分别提高1.07个百分点和1.08个百分点。镁肥与钙、硼肥配施处理可同时增加叶片镁、钙和硼含量,特别是硫酸镁+生石灰+硼砂处理的叶片镁、钙和硼含量分别为0.31%、2.83%、48.2 mg/kg,均显著高于对照。【结论】增施镁肥可提高永嘉早香柚叶片叶绿素和镁含量、果实可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量,降低果实总酸含量;镁钙硼配施可显著提高永嘉早香柚叶片的镁、钙和硼含量,促进作用强于单施镁肥。

关键词:永嘉早香柚;缺镁;镁钙硼肥;叶片;果实品质;可溶性固形物;可溶性糖

【研究意义】镁是植物生长发育所必需的重要矿质元素,是构成叶绿素的主要矿质元素,直接影响植物的光合作用[1]。植物生长过程中所需的镁主要来自土壤,受高温、多雨及土壤酸性较强等因素的影响,土壤中的镁容易淋溶损失,土壤供镁能力降低,导致烟叶、甘蓝、柑橘等产量降低、品质下降[2-4]。据报道,我国土壤缺镁面积占全国耕地总面积的6%,全国大约有54%的土壤需要不同程度的补充镁肥[5-6]。在我国南方地区,钾肥的施用已普遍受到重视,但却长期忽视镁肥的配合施用,柑桔果园较普遍存在叶片缺镁症状,果实品质和产量受到较大限制[7]。开展镁肥及其他肥料配施在柑橘上的研究,对矫正缺镁症状、增加树体镁含量以及提高果实品质具有重要的现实意义。【前人研究进展】徐茜等研究发现施镁能明显提高烟叶的镁含量,可以有效缓解缺镁现象,对烟株生长有促进作用,特别有利于上部叶成熟,能明显改善烟叶外观质量[8]。增施镁肥能够显著提高葡萄叶片镁含量,增加可溶性糖含量,并提高果实可溶性固形物含量,降低可滴定酸含量[9]。合理施用镁肥能够提高马铃薯产量,提高薯块粗蛋白、可溶性糖以及淀粉含量,且薯块氮、钾、镁等养分含量也有一定程度的提高[10]。土壤施镁和叶片喷镁相结合可以显著增加柑橘叶片的镁含量,促进镁向果实运输,提高果实的镁含量和可溶性糖含量,缓解果实膨大后期叶片黄化现象的出现[11]。同时,由于离子之间的相互作用,研究镁肥与其他肥料的均衡配施对作物生长具有重要的指导意义。段法尧等研究认为钙、镁的互作效应主要是促进作用,能明显提高甘蓝产量、改善甘蓝品质[12]。李国良等研究表明配施镁肥处理均可提高沙田柚叶片镁营养,施镁量越高,叶片钙营养提高趋势就越明显[13]。妃子笑荔枝叶面喷施镁肥可提高果皮钙和镁含量,显著促进果皮花色素苷积累,促进果皮提前着色[14]。邱超研究认为施镁肥基础上,硼肥配合施用可显著提高常山胡柚叶片镁含量[15]。【本研究切入点】永嘉早香柚为20世纪80年代选育的地方名柚,经浙江省农作物品种委员会审定为柚类早熟品种,是我国优良柚类品种资源之一[16]。永嘉早香柚果园主要建立在山地和丘陵地区,土壤条件差,矿质养分贫瘠,过多施用氮、磷、钾化肥及减少有机肥用量,加之在树体养分管理上忽视中微量矿质元素的补充,诱发永嘉早香柚果园缺镁,主要表现在老叶黄化、主脉两侧出现不规则黄斑、叶基部的绿色区通常呈“倒V型”甚至脱落。【拟解决的关键问题】基于永嘉早香柚普遍缺镁的现状以及尚未有镁肥及与钙硼肥配施的相关报道,本试验在前期果园土壤养分调查的基础上,选择缺镁的永嘉早香柚果园开展相关试验,研究镁肥不同用量以及镁与钙、硼肥配施对叶片和果实品质的影响,为永嘉早香柚镁肥配施增效技术研发提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验地设在永嘉县碧莲镇永嘉早香柚基地,果园施肥以氮磷钾复合肥为主,供试永嘉早香柚树龄为26年,选取长势较一致的树体开展试验。果园的基础肥力和永嘉早香柚叶片基础养分见表1。

1.2 试验设计

试验采用随机区组分布,镁肥施用量设硫酸镁0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5 kg/株4个处理,镁肥与钙、硼肥配施设硫酸镁0.25 kg/株、(硫酸镁0.25 kg+生石灰0.5 kg)/株、(硫酸镁0.25 kg +硼砂25 g)/株、(硫酸镁0.25 kg+生石灰0.5 kg+硼砂25 g)/株4个处理,均以氮磷钾三元复合肥2.5 kg/株作对照,各处理用肥于2016年永嘉早香柚树体萌芽期一次性基施,3次重复,每个重复4株。

1.3 样品采集及处理

2016年7月中旬,选择晴朗天气从树体东、西、南、北4个方位采集当年生春梢顶部往下第2~第4片叶,每株共采100~150片叶,带回实验室,用自来水冲洗干净后,再用去离子水洗净,最后烘干粉碎待用。果实成熟时,树体四周采摘大小一致的果实至实验室进行品质测定。

表1 果园土壤和永嘉早香柚叶片养分状况
Table 1 Nutrient status of orchard soil and ‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’ pomelo leaves

有效铁Effective Fe(mg/kg)土壤Soil 15.50 4.54 113.10 246.40 370.80 458.70 30.20 0.62 1.50 61.30叶片Leaf 2.60 0.25 2.17 2.31 0.20 38.20 22.50 86.80试材Test material有机质Organic matter(g/kg) pH速效氮Available N(mg/kg)速效磷Available P(mg/kg)速效钾Available K(mg/kg)有效钙Effective Ca(mg/kg)有效镁Effective K(mg/kg)有效硼Effective B(mg/kg)有效锌Effective Zn(mg/kg)

1.4 测定项目及方法

叶片钙、镁含量采用HNO3-HClO4微波消解-原子吸收分光光度法测定,硼含量采用干灰化-姜黄素比色法测定,叶绿素含量采用丙酮∶乙醇=1∶1浸提比色测定[17-18]。果实可溶性固形物含量采用阿贝折光仪法测定,可溶性糖含量采用斐林法测定,总酸含量采用酸碱滴定法测定。

试验数据采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析,通过一维方差分析法分析区组和处理效应,采用最小显著差异法多重比较处理间的差异。

2 结果与分析

2.1 镁肥不同施用量对永嘉早香柚叶片和果实品质的影响

2.1.1 镁肥不同施用量对永嘉早香柚叶片叶绿素和镁含量的影响 从表2可以看出,随着镁肥施用量的增加,永嘉早香柚叶片叶绿素和镁含量逐渐提高,0.2 kg/株、0.3 kg/株、0.5 kg/株3个处理的叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、镁含量均显著高于对照,其中0.5 kg/株处理的叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和镁含量分别达到1.64 g/kg、0.69 g/kg、0.32%,分别比对照增加22.4%、11.3%和0.11个百分点,且叶片镁含量达到柑橘叶片的适宜标准[19]

表2 镁肥不同施用量处理的永嘉早香柚叶片叶绿素和镁含量
Table 2 The contents of chlorophyll and Mg in leaves of ‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’ pomelo treated with different amount of magnesium fertilizer

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: The different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences.

Mg(%)0.1 1.45b 0.66ab 0.24bc 0.2 1.59a 0.67a 0.26b 0.3 1.63a 0.69a 0.29a 0.5 1.64a 0.69a 0.32a CK 1.34c 0.62b 0.21c镁肥施用量Application amount of magnesium fertilizer(kg/plant)叶绿素a Chl a(g/kg)叶绿素b Chl b(g/kg)镁

2.1.2 镁肥不同施用量对永嘉早香柚果实品质的影响 从表3可以看出,镁肥不同施用量处理的永嘉早香柚果实可溶性固形物含量比对照高0.34~1.07个百分点,其中0.3 kg/株和0.5 kg/株两个处理与对照差异显著,果实可溶性固形物含量分别为13.65%和13.70%。镁肥不同施用量处理的永嘉早香柚果实可溶性糖含量分别比对照高0.53~1.08个百分点,其中0.2 kg/株、0.3 kg/株、0.5 kg/株3个处理与对照差异显著,果实可溶性糖含量分别为11.05%、11.12%和11.29%。镁肥不同施用量处理的永嘉早香柚果实总酸含量均有降低,其中0.3 kg/株和0.5 kg/株两个处理与对照差异显著,果实总酸含量分别为0.88%和0.85%。

表3 镁肥不同施用量处理的永嘉早香柚的果实品质指标
Table 3 The fruit quality of ‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’pomelo treated with different amount of Mg fertilizer

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: The different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences.

总酸Total acid(%)0.1 12.97b 10.74ab 0.93ab 0.2 13.33ab 11.05a 0.90ab 0.3 13.65a 11.12a 0.88b 0.5 13.70a 11.29a 0.85b CK 12.63b 10.21b 0.97a镁肥施用量Application amount of magnesium fertilizer(kg/plant)可溶性固形物Soluble solids(%)可溶性糖Soluble sugar(%)

2.2 镁肥与钙、硼肥配施对永嘉早香柚叶片和果实品质的影响

2.2.1 镁肥与钙、硼肥配施对永嘉早香柚叶片镁、钙、硼含量的影响 从表4可以看出,与对照相比,镁肥与钙、硼肥配施处理的永嘉早香柚叶片镁含量的增幅为0.05~0.10个百分点,其中硫酸镁+硼砂、硫酸镁+生石灰+硼砂两个处理的叶片镁含量与对照差异显著,而硫酸镁+生石灰处理的叶片镁含量比硫酸镁处理低0.02个百分点。镁肥与钙、硼肥配施处理的叶片钙含量变化趋势不一致,硫酸镁处理的叶片钙含量低于对照,其他3个处理的叶片钙含量高于对照,硫酸镁+生石灰和硫酸镁+生石灰+硼砂两个处理与对照差异显著。镁肥与钙、硼肥配施处理的叶片硼含量变化趋势也不一致,硫酸镁处理的叶片硼含量低于对照,其他3个处理的叶片硼含量高于对照,硫酸镁+硼砂和硫酸镁+生石灰+硼砂两个处理与对照差异显著。本试验中,单施镁肥可增加永嘉早香柚叶片镁含量,却降低了叶片钙和硼含量,而镁肥与钙肥、硼肥配施后,可同时增加叶片镁、钙和硼含量,特别是硫酸镁+生石灰+硼砂处理,其叶片镁、钙和硼含量分别为0.31%、2.83%、48.2 mg/kg,均显著高于对照。

表4 镁肥与钙、硼肥配施处理的永嘉早香柚叶片镁、钙和硼含量
Table 4 The contents of Mg, Ca and B in leaves of‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’ pomelo treated with combined application of magnesium, calcium and boron fertilizers

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: The different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences.

处理Treatment 镁Mg(%) 钙Ca(%) 硼B(mg/kg)硫酸镁Magnesium sulfate 0.28b 2.24c 38.70b硫酸镁+生石灰Combination of magnesium sulfate and quicklime 0.26b 2.69ab 40.70b硫酸镁+硼砂Combination of magnesium sulfate and borax 0.30a 2.42bc 45.74a硫酸镁+生石灰+硼砂Combination of magnesium sulfate,quicklime and borax 0.31a 2.83a 48.20a氮磷钾复合肥(CK) 0.21b 2.35c 39.10b

2.2.2 镁肥与钙、硼配施对永嘉早香柚果实品质的影响 从表5可以看出,镁肥与钙、硼肥配施处理可提高永嘉早香柚果实可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量,不同处理的果实可溶性固形物含量比对照提高0.69~1.20个百分点,果实可溶性糖含量比对照提高0.63~1.07个百分点,除硫酸镁+生石灰处理外,其他3个处理与对照差异显著,其中以硫酸镁+硼砂处理的果实可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量最高,分别为13.37%和11.28%。镁肥与钙、硼肥配施处理可降低果实总酸含量,硫酸镁+硼砂处理的果实总酸含量显著低于对照,其他3个处理与对照之间差异不显著。

表5 镁肥与钙、硼肥配施处理的永嘉早香柚果实品质指标
Table 5 The fruit quality of ‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’ pomelo treated with combined application of magnesium,calcium and boron fertilizers

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: The different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences.

处理Treatment可溶性固形物Soluble solids(%)可溶性糖Soluble sugar(%)总酸Total acid(%)硫酸镁Magnesium sulfate 13.09a 10.98a 0.92ab硫酸镁+生石灰Combination of magnesium sulfate and quicklime 12.86ab 10.84ab 0.96a硫酸镁+硼砂Combination of magnesium sulfate and borax 13.37a 11.28a 0.89b硫酸镁+生石灰+硼砂Combination of magnesium sulfate,quicklime and borax 13.23a 11.20a 0.94a氮磷钾复合肥(CK) 12.17b 10.21b 0.97a

3 讨论

柑橘类是对镁强敏感的作物,多核品种比少核或无核品种、柚砧比枳砧、枳砧比枸头橙砧更易发生缺镁症。在果实发育期吸收镁较多,果实从膨大开始到着色,若土壤镁素供应不足,则结果越多的植株叶片黄化越严重[11]。通过叶片喷施硝酸镁可有效矫治椪柑缺镁,不仅可使叶片叶绿素含量显著增加,缺镁症状消失,而且可使叶片镁含量大大增加[4]。黄鸿翔等研究发现,大田施用镁肥,红壤旱地上黄豆和花生增产幅度最大、达25%~40%,其次是茶叶和烤烟、增产幅度20%~25%,水稻增产幅度较少、仅6%左右[20]。孙玉桃等研究表明施用各种钾肥对柑鲜果产量有极显著增产效果,且能提高叶片中钾素含量[21]。本试验中,供试对象为果实多籽的永嘉早香柚品种,供试果园土壤为高钾、高磷、缺镁,树体营养状况为缺镁,结果显示增施镁肥可提高叶片叶绿素含量、增加叶片镁含量、改善叶片黄化现象,株施硫酸镁0.5 kg后永嘉早香柚叶片的镁含量达到柑橘叶片的适宜标准,还可显著增加果实可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量,降低果实总酸含量,进而提升永嘉早香柚果实品质。

矿质营养是植物正常生长发育所必需的营养元素,是果树生长发育、产量和品质形成的物质基础,它们对树体生长发育和果实品质形成起着极其重要的作用。由于不同元素之间存在协同和拮抗作用,进而影响树体对矿质养分的吸收。丁玉川等研究发现镁与钙营养间存在拮抗作用,施用低量镁肥时钙的吸收量明显增加,比不施镁肥处理增加15.5%,但镁施用量的进一步增加并没有对钙的吸收量产生明显影响[3]。马晓丽等研究认为土施和叶面喷施硫酸镁在增加缺镁葡萄镁含量的同时,促进了钾、钙和锰的吸收,但降低了叶片和果实中锌含量,对铁和铜含量的影响不显著[22]。本试验中,单施镁肥可增加永嘉早香柚叶片镁含量,却降低叶片钙和硼含量,且镁肥与钙肥配施后早香柚叶片镁含量下降0.02个百分点,而硫酸镁+生石灰+硼砂配施处理的永嘉早香柚叶片镁、钙和硼含量最高,说明增加钙肥会抑制树体对镁的吸收,镁肥、钙肥与硼肥同时配施对于提高永嘉早香柚叶片镁、钙和硼含量具有促进作用。

梁颁捷等研究表明,土壤pH值与交换态镁含量之间有极显著的相关性,土壤pH值过低,对镁的释放有明显的抑制作用,土壤交换态镁平均含量低于临界水平,造成镁营养供应不足[23]。本试验土壤pH为4.54,抑制镁离子释放,因此我们认为造成永嘉早香柚的缺镁原因除了土壤有效镁含量偏低外,与土壤酸度过高进而抑制植株吸收镁亦有重要关系。因此,此类果园在增施镁肥的同时,应采取相应措施降低土壤酸度。

4 结论

本研究结果表明,增施镁肥可提高永嘉早香柚叶片叶绿素、果实可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量,降低果实总酸含量,其中硫酸镁0.5kg/株处理的叶片绿素a、叶绿b含量分别比对照高22.4%和11.3%,果实可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量分别比对照高1.07和1.08个百分点。增施镁肥还可提高镁含量,单株施镁肥0.5 kg可使永嘉早香柚叶片的镁含量由缺乏状态达到适宜水平。镁肥、钙肥与硼3种肥料配施可显著提高永嘉早香柚叶片的镁、钙和硼含量,促进作用强于单施镁肥。

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Effects of Combined Application of Magnesium, Calcium and Boron Fertilizers on Leaf and Fruit Quality of ‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’Pomelo

CHEN Wei1, GUO Xiuzhu2, HU Dan3, LIU Juncai4, HUANG Pinhu2,LIU Dongfeng2, LIN Shaosheng2, SONG Yang2

(1.Jiangsu Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, China;2.Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Wenzhou 325005, China; 3.Wenzhou Specialty Station, Wenzhou 325000, China; 4.Yongjia County Agriculture Bureau, Yongjia 325199, China)

Abstract:【Objective】The effects of magnesium fertilizer and its combined application with calcium and boron fertilizers on the leaves and fruit quality of ‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’ pomelo were studied based on magnesium deficiency of‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’ pomelo.【Method】 The experiments about applying different amount of magnesium fertilizer and its combined application of calcium and boron fertilizers were carried out in the bud stage of ‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’ pomelo.In mid-July, the spring leaves were collected from different azimuths of the tree and the contents of Mg, Ca, B and chlorophyll of ‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’ pomelo leaves were measured. Fruits of the same size were harvested when ripe and the contents of fruit soluble solids, soluble sugar, and total acids were determined. Then the data was analyzed by SPSS software.【Result】The contents of chlorophyll and Mg of ‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’ pomelo leaves were significantly increased by adding magnesium fertilizer. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and Mg of the leaves treated with 0.5 kg magnesium fertilizer per plant reached 1.64 g/kg, 0.69 g/kg and 0.32% respectively, with the increase of 22.4%, 11.3% and 0.11 %, respectively compared with those of control,group and the content of Mg reached the appropriate standard for Citrus leaves. The contents of soluble solids and soluble sugar of ‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’ pomelo fruit were also increased by applying magnesium fertilizer, and the highest contents of fruit soluble solids and soluble sugar were obtained when treated with 0.5 kg magnesium fertilizer per plant and the highest contents of which were 1.07% and 1.08% higher than those of the control group. The contents of Mg, Ca and B of the leaves treated with the combination of magnesium fertilizer, calcium fertilizer and boron fertilizer could be increased at the same time, especially when treated with the combination of magnesium sulfate, quicklime and borax, the contents of Mg, Ca and B in the leaves being 0.31%, 2.83% and 48.2 mg/kg, respectively.【Conclusion】The contents of chlorophyll and magnesium of‘Yongjiazaoxiangyou’ leaves, soluble solids and soluble sugar of fruit were increased, and the contents of total acid of fruit were reduced by adding magnesium fertilizer. The contents of Mg, Ca and B of leaves were significantly increased by the combined application of magnesium, calcium and boron fertilizers, and the promotion effect was stronger than that of single application of magnesium fertilizer.

Key words:Yongjiazaoxiangyou pomelo; magnesium deficiency; magnesium, calcium and boron fertilizers; leaf; fruit quality;soluble solids; soluble sugar

中图分类号:S666.3

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2019)04-0021-06

陈巍,郭秀珠,胡丹,刘俊才,黄品湖,刘冬峰,林绍生,宋洋.镁钙硼肥配施对永嘉早香柚叶片与果实品质的影响[J].广东农业科学,2019,46(4):21-26.

收稿日期:2018-12-18

基金项目:浙江省农业(果品)新品种选育重大科技专项(2016C02052-1);浙江省农业科学院地方科技合作项目(WZ2017007);温州市科技局项目(N20150011,N20140035)

作者简介:陈巍(1983—),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向为果树种质创新与品质提升技术,E-mail:carchen110@163.com

通信作者:郭秀珠(1965—),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向为植物营养与生理,E-mail:wzguoxiuzhu@aliyun.com

(责任编辑 邹移光)