糯稻抗病能力、产量及经济效益对硅肥的响应特征

万跃明1,王美玲2,严宠红3,柳开楼4,徐 明1,江 红1

(1.景德镇市农业技术推广站,江西 景德镇 333000;2.景德镇市良种场,江西 景德镇 333000;3.景德镇市农产品质检中心,江西 景德镇 333000;4.江西省红壤研究所,江西 南昌 330046)

摘 要:【目的】研究硅肥施用对糯稻抗病性能和产量及经济效益的影响,为我国南方糯稻的合理种植提供技术支撑。【方法】于2018年在江西省景德镇市浮梁县进行田间小区试验,分析硅肥施用与否对糯稻穗颈稻瘟病和纹枯病发生状况、产量和碾米品质以及经济效益的影响。【结果】与不施硅肥相比,施用硅肥处理的穗颈稻瘟病株率和病情指数分别下降80.65%和84.23%,纹枯病病株率和病情指数也分别降低51.93%和73.44%,糯稻产量、千粒重、精米率和整精米率分别比不施硅肥处理增加19.74%、12.17%、5.42%和10.04%。扣除硅肥等农资投入,进一步计算表明,硅肥处理的效益比不施硅肥增加23.48%。【结论】在糯稻种植中,增施硅肥是提高抗病能力和增产增收的主要途径。

关键词:硅肥;糯稻;抗病能力;产量

【研究意义】水稻素有硅酸盐植物之称,硅素和氮、磷、钾一样,是水稻生长所需的重要营养元素之一[1-2]。很多研究表明,通过施用硅肥增加土壤供硅能力可以提高水稻光能利用率、促进根系活力和呼吸作用、降低蒸腾作用和增强抗病虫害和抗倒伏能力,并能够调节营养元素吸收利用,从而提高水稻产量和稻米品质[1-5]。因此,在稻作生产中合理调控硅素的供应具有重要的意义。【前人研究进展】在我国南方的水稻土中,土壤有效硅含量普遍较低[6],红砂岩、花岗岩、花岗片麻岩、轻质第四纪红色粘土和浅海沉积物母质发育的水稻土有效硅一般低于80 mg/kg[7];粘质第四纪红色粘土发育的水稻土有效硅含量在120 mg/kg左右[8]。同时,水稻对硅的吸收量远大于氮磷钾三要素的总和[9-10]。水稻持续高产,土地复种指数较高,农作物每年从土壤中带走的硅素远远大于氮磷钾养分的总和,因此,单独依靠土壤硅的自然风化难以维持土壤硅素平衡,再加上硅的淋溶渗漏损失,南方地区的水稻土普遍存在缺硅状况。【本研究切入点】很多研究证明,土壤中硅素的相对匾乏会明显降低土壤的供硅能力,并进一步限制水稻生长对硅素的需求,从而造成水稻产量下降[11-12]。因此,适当增施硅肥是提升水稻产量的重要途径之一[13-15]。然而,目前的硅肥施用效果研究多集中在普通水稻品种中[13-15],而鲜有研究报道硅肥在糯稻上的施用效果。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究以糯稻品种为对象,研究施用硅肥对其抗病能力、产量和米质及经济效益的影响,从而为糯稻生产上合理施用硅肥提供理论和技术支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验地位于江西省景德镇市浮梁县罗家桥乡鲍家村,该地区属中亚热带潮湿天气,年均温17 ℃,年降水量1 764 mm。试验地土壤为水稻土,耕层土壤pH 6.9,有机碳16.22 g/kg,全氮0.95 g/kg,全磷 1.02 g/kg,全钾 15.41 g/kg,碱解氮143.70 mg/kg,速效磷10.30 mg/kg,速效钾125.10 mg/kg,有效硅(SiO2)42.50 mg/kg。

1.2 试验设计

试验设施用硅肥562.5 kg/hm2处理(全部作基肥施用),以不施硅肥作对照,3次重复,小区面积100 m2。供试硅肥由辽宁省锦西市化工总厂提供,其枸溶性SiO2含量为35%。均施用等量的氮磷钾肥,分别为尿素(N 46%)、钙镁磷肥(P2O5 12.5%)和氯化钾(K2O 60%),N、P2O5和K2O用量分别为120、90和150 kg/hm2。其中氮肥60%作基肥、40%在返青期追肥,磷肥全部作基肥施用,钾肥50%作基肥、50%在孕穗期追肥。

供试糯稻品种为麦颖2号(江西省农业科学院水稻研究所选育),采用水育秧方式,2018年6月30日播种,用种量30 kg/hm2。7月25日移栽,移栽规格为20 cm×20 cm。水分管理同农民常规习惯一致,为调查病虫害情况,所有处理均不采用农药防治措施。11月20日成熟收获。

1.3 测定指标及方法

1.3.1 病情指数调查 在水稻抽穗期,每个小区随机调查500株,查看穗颈稻瘟病和纹枯病发病情况,穗颈稻瘟病的判定标准为水稻穗颈部节上产生褐色小点,病部成黑色;纹枯病的判定标准为病部组织软腐,叶鞘溃烂。其中穗颈稻瘟病和纹枯病的分级标准参考《中国水稻品种试验与审定》[16],计算病株率和病情指数。

1.3.2 产量测算 在水稻成熟期,每个小区随机选取10个点,每个点收割1 m2,带回室内,脱粒、晒干称重,计算产量。

1.3.3 稻米品质分析 小区测产后,收集5 kg稻谷,脱壳后测定稻米的出糙率,再经过精米机筛选计算精米率和整精米率:

出糙率(%)=(糙米完整粒重量+50%不完整粒重量)/糙米总重量×100

精米率(%)=精米重量/稻谷重量×100

整精米率(%)=完整精米重量/稻谷重量×100

1.3.4 经济效益分析 按照糯米的价格和产量计算稻米产值,并结合硅肥等农资投入进一步计算经济效益。在本试验中,2018年N、P2O5和K2O的价格分别为5.2元/kg、8.0元/kg和5元/kg,糯稻种子为6元/kg,精糯米价格为6元/kg。硅肥价格为1.8元/kg。

试验数据采用Excel 2003进行整理,采用SAS 9.1进行统计分析,采用LSD进行差异显著性测验,图件采用Origin 8.1进行制作。

2 结果与分析

2.1 施用硅肥对糯稻抗病能力的影响

从表1可以看出,施用硅肥可以显著提高糯稻对穗颈稻瘟病和纹枯病的抗病能力,与不施硅肥相比,施用硅肥处理穗颈稻瘟病株率和病情指数分别下降80.65%和84.23%,纹枯病病株率和病情指数分别降低51.93%和73.44%。

表1 施用硅肥处理糯稻穗颈稻瘟病和纹枯病发生情况
Table 1 Occurrence of neck blast and sheath blight of glutinous rice under different silicon fertilization treatments

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant difference.

处理Treatment穗颈稻瘟病 Neck blast 纹枯病 Sheath blight病株率Rate of diseased plant(%)病情指数Disease index病株率Rate of diseased plant(%)病情指数Disease index不施硅肥(CK)No silicon fertilization 62.91a 38.75a 54.25a 42.35a施硅肥Silicon fertilization 12.17b 6.11b 26.08b 11.25b

2.2 施用硅肥对糯稻产量及产量构成的影响

由图1可知,施用硅肥可以显著提高糯稻的产量,与不施硅肥相比,硅肥处理糯稻产量增加19.74%;结实率略有提高,但增幅不显著;硅肥处理可以显著提高糯稻的千粒重,比不施硅肥增加12.17%。不施硅肥对照千粒重降低的原因可能与灌浆期遇高温有关,而由于硅肥施用可以显著提高糯稻的抗逆性,因此,本试验硅肥处理千粒重明显高于不施硅肥对照。

图1 硅肥处理糯稻产量及产量构成变化
Fig.1 Changes in the yield and its composition of glutinous rice under different silicon fertilization treatments

小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著
Different lowercase letters represent significant difference

2.3 施用硅肥对糯稻碾米品质的影响

由图2可知,施用硅肥可以明显提高糯稻的碾米品质,与不施硅肥相比,硅肥处理糯稻精米率和整精米率分别提高5.42%和10.04%,而出糙率增加不显著。

图2 硅肥处理糯稻碾米品质变化
Fig.2 Changes of glutinous rice quality under different silicon fertilization treatments

小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著
Different lowercase letters represent significant difference

2.4 施用硅肥对糯稻经济效益的影响

表2显示,在糯稻种植中,虽然硅肥施用增加了农资投入(硅肥1 012.5元/hm2),但是由于其精糯米产量和产值显著增加(施用硅肥处理精糯米产值比不施硅肥对照提高26.18%),因此,扣除农资投入后,硅肥处理的效益分别比不施硅肥处理增加23.48%,说明施用硅肥可以显著提高糯稻的经济效益。

表2 各处理糯稻经济效益变化(元/hm2
Table 2 Economic benefits of glutinous rice of different treatments(yuan/hm2

注:硅肥价格为1.8元/kg,N、P2O5和K2O价格分别为5.2元/kg、8.0元/kg和5元/kg,糯稻种子为6元/kg,精糯米价格为6元/kg;同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: The prices of Si fertilizer was 1.8 yuan/kg.The prices of N, P2O5 and K2O were 5.2 yuan/kg, 8.0 yuan/kg and 5 yuan/kg, respectively.The price of glutinous rice seeds was 6 yuan/kg and the price of glutinous rice was 6 yuan/kg.Different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant difference.

处理Treatment硅肥投入Si input(yuan/hm2)种子化肥投入Seeds and fertilizers input(yuan/hm2)精糯米Fine glutinous rice产量Yield(kg/hm2)产值Value(yuan/hm2)效益Benefit(yuan/hm2)不施硅肥No silicon fertilization(CK)0 180+2094 2950.5b 17703.0b 15429.0b施硅肥Silicon fertilization 1012.5 180+2094 3723.0a 22338.0a 19051.5a

3 讨论

由于支链淀粉含量较高(大于95%),因此糯米粘性较高,且富含蛋白质和脂肪,是制作粽子、八宝粥和各类甜品的主要原料[17-18]。然而,由于产量偏低,抗病能力较差,糯稻的种植规模普遍较小[19]。近年来,随着人们经济水平的提高,市场对糯米的需求日益增加[19-20],再加上常规稻米库存较大和价格疲软,水稻种植业结构急需调整[21],因此,糯稻的种植需求愈来愈大。本研究表明,在糯稻生产上,施用硅肥可以显著提高糯稻对穗颈稻瘟病和纹枯病的抗病能力,这与张佑宏等[22]、张国良等[23]的研究结果相似,其原因主要是硅元素在水稻叶片和细胞中大量积累,起到了物理屏障作用,提高了水稻叶片的结构抗性,从而阻挡了病菌菌丝的入侵[24-25]。也有研究认为硅元素可能参与了植物和病原物体系的代谢过程,经过生理生化反应和信号传导等途径,激活了植物的防卫基因,进而诱导抗病性蛋白的表达,从而抑制病害发生[26]。但是,关于糯稻抵抗穗颈稻瘟病和纹枯病所需的合理硅肥用量还有待进一步研究。

除了提高糯稻的抗病能力,本研究结果还表明,硅肥可以显著提高糯稻的产量和碾米品质,这与何巧林等[1]、刘红芳等[4]、PATI等[27]的研究结论一致。糯稻产量的提升主要与千粒重增加有关,而在碾米品质中,硅肥主要是提高精米率和整精米率,这与硅降低了稻米垩白面积有关[28-29],而精米率与垩白面积呈显著负相关[28]。进一步通过农资投入和糯米产值分析表明,虽然硅肥处理增加了农资投入,但其糯米产值较大,因此,硅肥处理的经济效益比不施硅处理增加23.48%。同时,由于硅肥处理可以在无防病农药措施的情况下显著提高糯米的抗病能力和产量,其在糯米的有机种植中应用前途广阔。但是,有机稻米的种植范畴较广,标准也较高[30-31],有关硅肥施用的方式和用量还有待进一步研究和验证。

4 结论

在糯稻种植中,施用硅肥可以增强糯稻对穗颈稻瘟病和纹枯病的抗病能力。在合理施用氮磷钾肥的基础上,增施硅肥是进一步提高糯稻产量和碾米米质,进而增加农民收入的有效措施。

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Response Characterisitics of Disease Resistance, Yield and Benefitof Glutinous Rice to Silicon Fertilization

WAN Yueming1, WANG Meiling2, YAN Chonghong3, LIU Kailou4, XU Ming1, JIANG Hong1
(1.Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Jingdezhen City, Jingdezhen 333000, China;2.Seed Plantation of Jingdezhen City, Jingdezhen 333000, China;3.Agricultural Quality Inspection Center of Jingdezhen City, Jingdezhen 333000, China;4.Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil, Nanchang 330046, China

Abstract:【Objective】 The objective of this study was to explore the effects of the application of silicon fertilizer on the disease resistance, yield and economic benefit of glutinous rice, which could provide technical support for the reasonable planting of glutinous rice in southern China.【Method】A field trial was conducted in Fuliang County, Jingdezhen City,Jiangxi Province of China in 2018, which included silicon fertilization (+Si) and no silicon fertilization (-Si) treatments.And the occurrence of rice blast and sheath blight and yield, rice quality, and economic benefits of glutinous rice were analyzed.【Result】 The result showed that: Compared with -Si treatment, the rate and disease index of rice blast disease of +Si treatment were decreased by 80.65% and 84.23%, respectively.In addition, the rate and disease index of rice sheath blight were also reduced by 51.93% and 73.44%, respectively.The grain yield, 1000-grain weight, polished rice rate and whole milled rice rate of +Si treatment were increased by 19.74%, 12.17%, 5.42% and 10.04% respectively compared with those of -Si treatment.Further calculations showed that the benefit of +Si treatment was 23.48% higher than that of -Si treatment,without the investment of agricultural inputs such as silicon fertilizer.【Conclusion】Therefore, in the cultivation of glutinous rice, the increasing application of silicon is one of the main ways to improve disease resistance and increase rice yield and benefits.

Key words:silicon fertilizer; glutinous rice; disease resistance; yield

中图分类号:S511.2+3

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2019)08-0065-06

万跃明,王美玲,严宠红,柳开楼,徐明,江红.糯稻抗病能力、产量及经济效益对硅肥的响应特征[J].广东农业科学,2019,46(8):65-70.

收稿日期:2019-05-04

基金项目:江西省水稻产业技术体系清洁生产与质量控制项目(JXARS-02-06);国家重点研发计划重点专项(2016YFD0300901)

作者简介:万跃明(1965—),男,高级农艺师,研究方向为农业技术推广,E-mail:jsnyjstgz@163.com

通信作者:柳开楼(1984—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为土壤培肥与改良,E-mail:liukailou@163.com

(责任编辑 邹移光)