30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗害虫的防效及产量糖分的影响

谢江江1,罗青文1,吴 冠 2,杨春强1,陈 聪 2,杨马生 2,陈 顺1,杨俊贤1,2

(1.广东省生物工程研究所(广州甘蔗糖业研究所)/广东省甘蔗改良与生物炼制重点实验室,广东 广州 510316;2.湛江市甘丰农药厂,广东 湛江 524300)

摘 要:【目的】 研究30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗害虫的田间防效及其对甘蔗产量糖分的影响。【方法】 以常规复合肥加3%呋喃丹颗粒杀虫剂为对照肥药,进行30%贤哥药肥在甘蔗上的田间效果对比试验。【结果】 田间对比试验结果表明,30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥处理后90 d,两个试验点其对甘蔗螟虫的防效分别为93.66%和93.09%,显著高于常规对照防效(21.86%和24.19%);收获前,两个试验点贤哥药肥处理甘蔗螟害节率分别为6.21%和5.10%,显著低于常规对照的螟害节率36.25%和34.55%;两个试验点贤哥药肥处理对甘蔗金龟子的防效分别为91.34%和100.00%,显著高于常规对照防效(68.00%和64.29%);两个试验点贤哥药肥处理甘蔗产量分别为107 700、108 000 kg/hm2,甘蔗糖分分别为15.62%和15.55%,较常规对照增产28.63%,增糖1.33个百分点。【结论】 30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥在甘蔗上防虫效果优良,增产增糖效果显著,值得在蔗区推广应用。

关键词:海洋生物肽药肥;甘蔗害虫;防治效果;产量;甘蔗糖分

【研究意义】 甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)是最重要的糖料作物及能源作物,是食糖的主要来源,我国是世界第三大甘蔗生产国[1]。虫害是影响甘蔗产量和糖分的重要因素之一,尤其甘蔗螟虫、蚜虫、蓟马、金龟子、天牛、白蚁及根线虫等病害虫是影响甘蔗产量和糖分的重要因素[2]。目前,化学防治仍然是防治甘蔗害虫的主要措施,然而农药化肥过量使用已造成耕地质量下降、生态环境破坏,农产品污染逐年加重。在农业可持续发展大趋势及精准农业要求下,农药和肥料等农用化学品应尽可能科学合理地混用、减量使用,以提高利用效率,因此药肥一体化已成为新型药肥产品研发的一个重要领域[3]。药肥一体化避免了农药使用过程中与肥料相遇效果相减的影响,使农药和肥料均能在最佳施用期使用,有效地提高了肥效和药效[4-5]。随着我国农业劳动人口数量的大幅度下滑,农村劳动力短缺,劳动成本不断攀升,农业规模化、机械化水平的不断提升,轻简化产品技术和装备的需求给药肥的发展带来重大机遇[6]。【前人研究进展】 关于甘蔗药肥的研究,早在20世纪90年代中国轻工业总会甘蔗糖业研究所杨彩等研究报道了25%甘丰复混药肥1号和2号合理搭配施用对甘蔗苗期螟害效果显著,经济效益高[7]。此后,甘蔗杀虫药肥或农药报道层出不穷[8-19],但大多数试验研究都停留在防治单一靶标,注重防虫效果而忽略肥效,兼防甘蔗地上害虫(螟虫、蚜虫、蓟马)、地下害虫(金龟、天牛、白蚁)以及对甘蔗产量糖分影响的药肥研究报道较少。【本研究切入点】 甘蔗种植大部分还是化肥和农药分开施用,带有随意及盲目性,费时费工且造成资源浪费。市场上流通的甘蔗药肥产品也是防虫单一,没有兼防地上及地下害虫,肥效、药效期短,且不注重肥效。【拟解决的关键问题】 30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥是本研究团队最新研制的药肥一体化产品,集营养与防虫于一体,配方科学、有机无机相结合,添加独特的海洋生物小分子活性肽,采用双缓释工艺加工而成。本研究旨在探讨30%贤哥药肥对甘蔗害虫的防效及其对甘蔗产量和糖分的影响,为该药肥在蔗区推广应用提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

供试甘蔗品种为粤糖61号(粤糖03-373),新植蔗。供试肥料及农药:30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥(0.3 2%杀单·毒死蜱,基肥型 :N∶P2O5∶K2O=10∶10∶10,追肥型 :N∶P2O5∶K2O=12∶6∶12,广州甘蔗糖业研究所湛江甘蔗研究中心研制、湛江市甘丰农药厂生产)、4 5%洋丰复合肥(N∶P2O5∶K2O=15-15-15,新洋丰肥业公司生产)、3%呋喃丹颗粒剂(美国富美实生产)。

试验于2017年2月~2018年1月分别在广东省遂溪县遂城镇新桥和广东省雷州市纪家镇进行。两试验地均为砂质土旱地,地势较平整,肥力中等,蔗地连年种植甘蔗,是历年甘蔗害虫发生较为严重的地块。

1.2 试验方法

试验设3个处理:(1)30%贤哥药肥处理,下种时(2017年2月)撒施基肥型药肥600 kg/hm2,大培土时(2017年5月)撒施追肥型药肥1 200 kg/hm2;(2)常规对照,下种时撒施45%洋丰复合肥375 kg/hm2、3%呋喃丹颗粒剂75 kg/hm2,大培土时撒施45%洋丰复合肥 1 500 kg/hm2、3%呋喃丹颗粒剂75 kg/hm2;(3)不施药空白对照,下种时撒施45%洋丰复合肥375 kg/hm2,大培土时撒施45%洋丰复合肥1 500 kg/hm2。每个处理3次重复,随机区组排列,小区面积100 m2,行距1.1 m,试验区周围设保护行,下种量为双芽苗45 000段/hm2,田间管理除不另施肥施药外,除草等管理与生产管理一致。

1.3 调查项目及方法

甘蔗螟虫:分别于药后60 d和90 d调查小区总苗数及枯心苗数,计算枯心率;收获时,每小区随机抽取20株,调查每株总节数及螟害节数,计算螟害节率;计算方法参照GB/T17980.61-2004[20]

甘蔗金龟子:于甘蔗收获后,每小区随机取3点,每点挖取1 m2蔗头调查残留蔗龟虫口数量,计算防效。

甘蔗有效茎数、产量:收获时,在每个小区内随机砍收66.7 m2的甘蔗,调查有效茎数,去掉蔗梢及蔗叶,进行现场称重实收实测记录,并计算每公顷有效茎数及每公顷产量。

甘蔗蔗糖分:收获时在每个小区随机取10株甘蔗,去掉蔗梢及蔗叶,经过压榨后,通过分析蔗汁蔗糖分和蔗渣蔗糖分测定甘蔗蔗糖分。蔗汁蔗糖分测定采用一次旋光法,蔗渣蔗糖分测定采用烘干推算法[21]

试验数据采用Microsoft Excel和DPS统计软件进行分析,多重比较分析采用邓肯氏新复极差(DMRT)法。

2 结果与分析

2.1 30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗螟虫的田间药效分析

试验结果(表1)表明,30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗螟虫具有较好的防治效果,且持效期长达3个月以上。遂溪新桥试验点,30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥处理药后60 d及90 d其对甘蔗螟虫防效分别为98.66%和93.66%,均显著高于常规对照(45%洋丰复合肥+3%呋喃丹)的防效44.98%和21.86%;收获时,30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥处理甘蔗螟害节率为6.21%,显著低于常规对照和不施药对照(45%洋丰复合肥)的螟害节率36.25%和50.88%。雷州纪家试验点,30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥处理药后60 d及90 d其对甘蔗螟虫防效分别为98.06%和93.09%,均显著高于常规对照的防效50.24%和24.19%,收获时30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥处理甘蔗螟害节率为5.10%,显著低于常规对照和不施药对照的螟害节率34.55%及48.23%。

表1 30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗螟虫的防治效果
Table 1 Control effect of 30% Xiange oceanic bioactive peptide pesticide-fertilizer on sugarcane borers

注:同一试验点同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column at the same test point represent significant difference.

收获前螟害节率Reduction rate of borer damage(%)遂溪新桥Suixi Xinqiao试验点Test point处理Treatment药后60 d防效Control rate after the application of pesticide-fertilizer for 60 days(%)药后90 d防效Control rate after the application of pesticide-fertilizer for 90 days(%)98.66a 93.66a 6.21a 2 44.98b 21.86b 36.25b 3 50.88c雷州纪家Leizhou Jijia 1 98.06a 93.09a 5.10a 2 50.24b 24.19b 34.55b 3 48.23c 1

2.2 30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗金龟子的田间药效分析

从表2可以看出,遂溪新桥及雷州纪家两个试验点30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗金龟子的防效分别为91.34%和100.00%,显著高于常规对照的防效68.00%和64.29%。

表2 30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗金龟子的防治效果
Table 2 Control effect of 30% Xiange oceanic bioactive peptide pesticide-fertilizer on sugarcane chafer

注:同一试验点同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column at the same test point represent significant difference.

防效Control rate(%)遂溪新桥Suixi Xinqiao试验点Test point处理Treatment残留虫口数(头/m2)Number of residual insect 0.00 100.00a 2 1.00 64.29b 3 2.80 0.10 91.34a 2 0.80 68.00b 3 2.50雷州纪家Leizhou Jijia 1 1

2.3 30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗产量及糖分的影响

从表3可以看出,遂溪新桥及雷州纪家两个试验点30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥处理甘蔗出苗率分别为62.50%和63.45%,均高于常规对照和不施药对照;30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥处理甘蔗有效茎数分别为67 800株/hm2和69 225株/ hm2,均显著高于常规对照和不施药对照;30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥处理甘蔗产量分别为107 700、108 000 kg/hm2,较常规对照分别增产27.66%和29.60%,蔗糖分较常规对照分别增加1.34、1.32个百分点。

表3 30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗产量及蔗糖分的影响
Table 3 Effect of 30% Xiange oceanic bioactive peptide pesticide-fertilizer on yield and sugar of sugarcane

注:同一试验点同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column at the same test point represent significant difference.

较处理2增糖率Increasing rate of sugar compared with treatment 2遂溪新桥Suixi Xinqiao试验点Test point处理Treatment出苗率Sprouting rate(%)有效茎数(株/hm2)Effective stem产量Yield(kg/hm2)较处理2增产率Increasing rate of yield compared with treatment 2(%)蔗糖分Sugar(%)62.50 67800a 107700a 29.60 15.62 1.34 2 59.80 45750b 83100b 14.28 3 58.88 42900c 58600c 13.65雷州纪家Leizhou Jijia 1 63.45 69225a 108000a 27.66 15.55 1.32 2 60.10 46800b 84600b 14.23 3 58.70 41250c 52500c 13.60 1

3 讨论

试验结果表明30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗害虫防治效果显著,增产增糖效果明显。在甘蔗苗期螟虫防治方面,药后90 d,30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗螟虫防效超过93%,显著高于常规对照的防治效果,且持效期超过3个月,后期甘蔗螟害节率均控制在7.0%以下,表明贤哥药肥对甘蔗螟虫具有突出的防治效果,且持效期长,主要原因是贤哥药肥采用双缓控释技术加工而成,有效控制农药和肥料的释放速率;在甘蔗金龟子防治方面,30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对金龟子的防效超过90%,显著优于常规对照的防治效果;在肥效方面,30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥处理甘蔗出苗率达62%以上,有效茎数为68 512株/hm2,产量较常规对照增产28.63%,蔗糖分较常规对照增加1.33个百分点。

30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥是在30%甘蔗多元复合药肥的研究基础上[9],结合测土配方、优化肥料及农药配比,添加海产品加工废弃物(虾壳、蟹壳、鱼刺鱼尾等)发酵提取物生物活性肽,并通过先进的双缓控生产工艺加工而成。研究报道,海产品加工废弃物虾壳、虾头和虾尾提取物含有18种氨基酸、小分子肽、壳寡糖及虾青素等活性物质,能有效改善修复土壤,提高作物抗病虫害能力及作物品质[22-25]。本研究产品特有的海洋生物活性肽包括各种海产品氨基酸、小分子活性肽、壳寡糖等活性物质,能改善作物根系周围微生物环境,改良修复土壤,提高作物抗病虫害能力,促进作物根系伸长生长,修复根系细胞,增强根系吸收能力,提高肥药利用率,促进甘蔗分蘖能力,增加有效茎数,提高甘蔗品质,增产增收;肥药双重缓控释放特性使得其农药持效期长达4~6个月,肥料持效期长达6~8个月。30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥为高效低毒沙蚕毒素类杀虫单与有机磷类毒死蜱的复配组合,该组合能够有效防治甘蔗地上害虫及地下害虫,尤其是对甘蔗螟虫及金龟子等害虫的防治效果突出,这与前人的研究报道一致[26-29]

4 结论

30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥集营养与防虫于一体,肥药配方科学、有机无机肥相结合、添加海洋生物活性肽,肥药双重缓控释放,具有省工节本、培肥地力、有效防控甘蔗螟虫及金龟子,增产增收增糖效果显著等特点,且对人与生态环境安全,值得大力推广。建议新植甘蔗下种及大培土时每公顷分别施用600 kg和1 200 kg,宿根甘蔗每公顷一次性施用1 800 kg,能持续有效地控制甘蔗整个生长阶段害虫的同时提供甘蔗所需养分。

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Effect of 30% Xiange Oceanic Bioactive Peptides Pesticide-Fertilizer on Sugarcane Pest Prevention,Yield and Sugar

XIE Jiangjiang1,LUO Qingwen1,WU Guan2,YANG Chunqiang1,CHEN Cong2,YANG Masheng2,CHEN Shun1,YANG Junxian1,2
(1.Guangdong Provincial Bioengineering Instituter(Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute)/Guangdong Key Lab of Sugarcane Improvement & Biorefinery,Guangzhou 510316,China;2.Zhanjiang Ganfeng Pesticide Factory,Zhanjiang 524300,China)

Abstract:【Objective】 The objective was to study the effect of 30% Xiange oceanic bioactive peptide pesticidefertilizer on sugarcane pests prevention,yield and sugar.【Method】 With conventional compound fertilizer and 3%carbofuran granulated insecticide as control,a comparative test of the field effect of 30% Xiange pesticide fertilizer on sugarcane was carried out.【Result】 The results showed that after the application of 30% Xiange pesticide-fertilizer for 90 d,the control rates on sugarcane borer in the two test points were 93.66% and 93.09%,respectively,which were significantly higher than the rates of 21.86% and 24.19% of the control.Before harvest,the reduction rates of sugarcane borer in the two test points under pesticide-fertilizer treatment were 6.21% and 5.10%,respectively,which were significantly lower than the rates of 36.25% and 34.55% of the control.The control rates of Xiange pesticide-fertilizer on sugarcane chafer in two test points were 91.34% and 100.00% respectively,which were significantly higher than the rates of 68.00% and 64.29% of the control.The yields of sugarcane treated with Xiange pesticide-fertilizer at two test points were 107 700 kg/hm2 and 108 000 kg/hm2,respectively,with the sugar contents of 15.62% and 15.55%,respectively.The yield and sugar content of sugarcane treated with Xiange pesticide-fertilizer increased by 28.63% and 1.33% compared with those of the conventional control treatment.【Conclusion】 30% Xiange oceanic bioactive peptide pesticide-fetilizer has good effect on sugarcane pests control,which would obviously increase yield and sugar.It is worth being promoted and applied in sugarcane planting area.

Key words:oceanic bioactive peptide pesticide-fertilizer; sugarcane pests; control effect; yield; sugar content of sugarcane

中图分类号:S482.3

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2019)09-0114-06

谢江江,罗青文,吴冠,杨春强,陈聪,杨马生,陈顺,杨俊贤.30%贤哥海洋生物肽药肥对甘蔗害虫的防效及产量糖分的影响[J].广东农业科学,2019,46(9):114-119.

收稿日期:2019-06-27

基金项目:广东省科学院发展专项资金(2019GDASYL-0105026);湛江市海洋经济创新发展示范市建设项目(湛海创〔2017〕C4B1);湛江市科技计划项目(2017A05007);广东省科学院湛江研究院建设专项资金(2017—2019)

作者简介:谢江江(1986—),男,硕士,农艺师,研究方向为甘蔗有害生物防控、药肥一体化技术,E-mail:xiejiang0407@163.com

通信作者:杨俊贤(1962—),男,研究员,研究方向为甘蔗有害生物防控、药肥一体化技术,E-mail:siriyjx@163.com

(责任编辑 杨贤智)