低温下一氧化氮延缓鲜切粉葛褐化效果研究

宋康华1,张鲁斌1,2,冯显爵2

(1.中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所/海南省热带园艺产品采后生理与保鲜重点实验室,广东 湛江 524031;2.岭南师范学院生命科学与技术学院,广东 湛江 524091)

摘 要:【目的】 粉葛(南药)鲜切后极易发生褐变,研究5 ℃一氧化氮(NO)处理对鲜切粉葛护色效果的影响。【方法】 将新鲜粉葛切分成均一小块后分别放入0.5、1.0、2 mmol/L硝普钠(SNP)溶液浸泡15 min,沥干后放于塑料盒中并用聚乙烯保鲜膜封口后置于5 ℃恒温恒湿箱中贮藏,定期取样测定褐变相关生理生化指标。【结果】 不同浓度SNP处理均能有效减轻鲜切粉葛的褐变程度,以2 mmol/L SNP处理效果较好,处理10 d时褐变度仅为对照的62.4%,褐变相关生理生化指标测定显示,不同浓度SNP处理均能显著抑制贮藏期6 d后苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的上升,降低整个贮藏过程中总酚含量和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,促进总黄酮积累,且随着SNP浓度增大,对以上指标的抑制或促进作用愈明显,贮藏10 d 2 mmol/L SNP处理的总酚和类黄酮含量分别为对照的66.4%和5.42倍,2 mmol/L SNP可显著降低贮藏过程中过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,延缓鲜切粉葛的褐变。对2 mmol/L SNP处理的鲜切粉葛各生理指标进行相关性分析表明,鲜切粉葛褐变度与PAL活性、总酚含量和类黄酮含量均呈极显著性正相关,与POD、PPO活性呈极显著性负相关,与MDA相关性不显著。【结论】 2 mmol/L SNP处理可显著延缓鲜切粉葛褐变,并提高其功能品质,为鲜切粉葛护色工艺提供参考。

关键词:一氧化氮;鲜切粉葛;褐化;生理指标;延缓;功能品质

【研究意义】 粉葛(Pueraria thomsonii Benth)是甘葛藤的变种,又名葛根、甘葛、葛麻藤等,为豆科葛属多年生藤本植物,约含40%淀粉和12%黄酮类物质,以及多种维生素、氨基酸和铁、钙、硒、锗等微量元素,是一种营养独特、药食兼优的绿色保健食品[1],其中的类黄酮物质具有抗肿瘤、清除自由基、治疗心血管疾病、调节血脂代谢、改善胰岛功能等功效,广泛应用于食品、药品、保健品行业。然而粉葛鲜切后极易发生酶促褐变,降低产品品质,护色是粉葛鲜切后进行全粉加工或干制药材的关键步骤,目前应用的无硫护色剂主要有氯化钠[2]、柠檬酸[3]等,但效果仍不及亚硫酸钠喷涂处理,因此开发更为低毒有效的护色剂仍是当前面临的主要问题。【前人研究进展】 一氧化氮(NO)是一种在动植物体中普遍存在的多功能信号分子,在植物中广泛参与生长发育、成熟衰老、胁迫应答及参与调节活性氧代谢等过程[4],可通过抑制果蔬内源乙烯合成延缓果蔬成熟衰老[5],又可增加果实诱抗性[6],显著提高果实品质及增加果实营养成分,促进人体健康,在保持园艺产品采前及采后品质等方面得到广泛应用。近年来,采后应用NO处理可有效缓解芒果[7]、葡萄[8]、竹笋[9]、香蕉[10]等果蔬的冷害;在控制果蔬褐变方面,段学武等[11]用1 mmol/L SNP处理龙眼后常温贮藏显著降低其褐变和果肉自溶现象,改善了果实品质和外观;外源NO处理可有效降低荔枝果皮[12]、鲜切桃[13]、苹果[14]和生菜[15]褐变;在根茎类鲜切产品中应用NO处理可显著延缓鲜切牛蒡[16]、胡萝卜[17]等的褐变和黄化,充分体现了NO作为明星分子在提高果实抗氧化能力、调节细胞膜膜脂代谢及相变、调节酚类代谢途径等方面的潜在价值。【本研究切入点】 NO对果蔬产品无残留毒性,且已作为一种保健品在日常生活中被人们所熟知,探索其做为褐变抑制剂的配方可协同增加鲜切粉葛的营养品质和功能品质,目前NO对抑制鲜切粉葛褐变效果的研究还未见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】 本试验以鲜切粉葛为材料,运用NO供体硝普钠(SNP)浸泡鲜切粉葛的方法进行处理,研究NO对鲜切粉葛5 ℃下褐变的抑制效果,同时阐明其抑制褐变的机理,对鲜切粉葛护色工艺新配方的研发具有重要的理论和实际意义。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

粉葛于2016年7月购自湛江寸金农贸市场,挑选新鲜、大小均匀、无损伤、无病害的粉葛,清洗后用灭菌的工具去皮、切分成1 cm2的小块,分别用1.0%二氧化氯进行二次清洗备用。

试验设 4个处理 :C K(蒸馏水)、S 2(0.5 mmol/L SNP)、S2(1.0 mmol/L SNP)、S3(2.0 mmol/L SNP),浸泡 10 min,沥干后装入塑料托盘中,每个托盘约装100 g粉葛,每个处理设3次重复,然后用0.05 mm厚度聚乙烯保鲜膜封口包装后置于5 ℃恒温恒湿箱中贮藏,每隔2 d取样一次测定各指标,每次测定每组样品各取一托盘,取样至对照失去食用价值为止。

1.2 试验方法

褐变度参考谭谊谈等[18]方法,以10×A410 nm表示,多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均参照谭谊谈等[19]方法,分别测定420、470 nm处OD值的变化,以每分钟变化0.01为一个酶活力单位(U),以U/g·min表示 ;苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性测定参照谭谊谈等[19]的方法,测定290 nm处OD值的变化,以每小时每克鲜样反应体系吸光度增加0.01为一个PAL活性单位(U),以U/g·h表示;总黄酮含量应用甲醇浸提,测定参考张棋等[20]方法,用mg/g表示;总酚含量测定参考SUN等[21]方法,用μg/g表示;丙二醛(MDA)含量测定参照HONG等[22]方法,以μmol/g表示。

采用Excel 2003统计分析软件进行基础数据整理、分析与作图,利用SPSS.15进行差异显著性检验。

2 结果与分析

2.1 SNP处理对鲜切粉葛褐变度的影响

褐变度是反映鲜切粉葛外观和品质最直观的指标。由图1可知,随着贮藏时间延长,鲜切粉葛不同处理褐变度呈增加趋势,贮藏2 d时S1、S2、S3处理均可降低鲜切粉葛的褐变度,S1和S2处理间差异不显著,贮藏6 d时不同处理间褐变程度出现差异,按照褐变程度的高低顺序依次为:对照>S1>S2>S3,且贮藏6 d后不同处理褐变速率加大,S3处理粉葛褐变度、褐变速率较为缓慢,全程褐变程度均显著低于对照(图2);对照褐变度上升最快。由此推断,适宜用量的SNP处理能够抑制鲜切粉葛褐变程度的加重,本试验表明,随着SNP浓度的增大,其抑制鲜切粉葛褐变的效果越明显,以S3处理效果较好。

2.2 SNP处理对鲜切粉葛PAL活性、总酚含量和类黄酮含量的影响

图1 不同浓度SNP处理对鲜切粉葛褐变度的影响
Fig.1 Effect of SNP treatment of different concentrations on browning degree of fresh-cut Pueraria

图2 2.0 mmol/L SNP处理鲜切粉葛贮藏6 d时色泽
Fig.2 Effect of 2.0 mmol / L SNP treatment on the color of fresh-cut Pueraria after storing 6 d

图3 不同浓度SNP处理对鲜切粉葛PAL活性的影响
Fig.3 Effect of SNP treatment of different concentrations on the activity of PAL in fresh-cut Pueraria

PAL是催化苯丙烷代谢第一步的限速酶,能够将苯丙氨酸分解成肉桂酸进而转化为酚类和类黄酮等次生代谢产物。如图3所示,鲜切粉葛低温贮藏期间,对照PAL活性总体呈不断上升趋势,贮藏期前6 d对照PAL活性缓慢升高,S1、S2、S3处理与对照差异不显著,处理6 d后迅速上升,之后PAL活性均显著低于对照,但S1、S2、S3处理间差异不显著。如图4所示,鲜切粉葛低温贮藏期间总酚含量呈缓慢升高趋势,在贮藏4 d时,S3、S2处理总酚含量分别为0.024、0.0289 μg/g,显著低于S1和对照,贮藏2、6、8、10 d,S1、S2和S3处理的鲜切粉葛总酚含量均显著低于对照,而S1、S2和S3处理间差异不显著。如图5所示,不同处理鲜切粉葛类黄酮含量在整个贮藏期总体呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且在贮藏期内S1、S2和S3处理鲜切粉葛类黄酮含量均高于对照,在贮藏6 d时,S3、S2和S1处理的鲜切粉葛类黄酮含量达到最大值0.116、0.099、0.047 mg/g,分别为对照的4.33、3.70、1.76倍,均显著高于对照。由此可见,S1、S2、S3处理可通过降低PAL活性、减少总酚积累,但促进类黄酮合成,抑制粉葛褐变。

图4 不同浓度SNP处理对鲜切粉葛总酚含量的影响
Fig.4 Effect of SNP treatment of different concentrations on the content of total phenol in fresh-cut Pueraria

图5 不同浓度SNP处理对鲜切粉葛类黄酮含量的影响
Fig.5 Effect of SNP treatment of different concentrations on the content of flavonoid in fresh-cut Pueraria

2.3 SNP处理对PPO和POD活性的影响

图6 不同SNP处理对鲜切粉葛POD活性的影响
Fig.6 Effect of SNP treatment of different concentrations on the activity of POD in fresh-cut Pueraria

PPO和POD协同催化氧化不同的酚类物质形成类醌类褐色化合物。如图6所示,POD活性在整个贮藏过程中呈先升后降的趋势,对照、S1、S2和S3处理分别在贮藏6、4、4、2 d时出现峰值 28 086.25、30 687.5、27 778.33、31 322.5 U/g·min,之后缓慢下降。如图7所示,随着SNP浓度递增,其对PPO活性的抑制作用也递增,以S2处理对PPO活性的抑制作用最强,其PPO活性在整个贮藏过程中极显著低于对照。结果表明,S1、S2、S3处理均能显著抑制PPO活性,但对POD活性影响未见明显规律。

图7 不同SNP处理对鲜切粉葛PPO活性的影响
Fig.7 Effect of SNP treatment of different concentrations on the activity of PPO in fresh-cut Pueraria

2.4 SNP处理对鲜切粉葛丙二醛含量的影响

MDA是细胞膜脂质中不饱和脂肪酸发生过氧化的产物。由图8可知,整个贮藏过程中MDA含量总体呈现上升趋势,S1、S2和S3处理在贮藏期2、6、10 d时均减少了MDA的积累,贮藏10 d时S1、S2、S3和对照的MDA含量分别为1.244、1.107、0.861和1.379 nnol/g。S3处理的MDA含量最低,其次为S2和S1处理,其中S3、S2处理显著低于对照,S1处理与对照间差异不显著。

图8 不同浓度SNP处理对鲜切粉葛MDA含量的影响
Fig.8 Effect of SNP treatment of different concentrations on the content of MDA in fresh-cut Pueraria

2.5 2.0 mmol/L SNP处理鲜切粉葛生理生化指标间的相关性分析

对2.0 mmol/L SNP处理鲜切粉葛褐变相关生理生化指标进行相关性分析,结果(表1)表明,总酚含量与PAL、褐变度、类黄酮含量呈极显著正相关,与PPO活性呈显著负相关,与POD活性呈极显著负相关。类黄酮含量与POD、PPO活性呈极显著负相关,与褐变度呈极显著正相关。MDA含量与POD活性呈显著性负相关。POD活性与PPO活性呈极显著正相关,与总酚含量、类黄酮含量、褐变度、PAL活性呈极显著负相关,与MDA含量呈显著负相关。PPO活性与PAL活性、褐变度呈极显著性负相关,与总酚和类黄酮呈显著负相关。褐变度与PAL活性、总酚含量和类黄酮含量均呈极显著性正相关,与POD、PPO活性呈极显著负相关。

表1 2.0 mmol/L SNP处理鲜切粉葛不同生理指标间相关性分析
Table 1 Correlation among different physiological indexes of fresh-cut Pueraria with 2.0 mmol/L SNP treatment

注:*表示差异显著,**表示差异极显著。
Note: *represents significant difference,**represents extreme significant difference.

褐变度Browning degree苯丙氨酸解氨酶PAL 0.645** -0.346 -0.862** -0.797** -0.418 -0.784**总酚Total phenol -0.800** -0.802** -0.617* -0.132 -0.789**类黄酮Flavonoid -0.742** -0.617* -0.217 -0.823**过氧化物酶POD -0.832** -0.557* -0.969**多酚氧化酶PPO -0.222 -0.907**丙二醛MDA -0.449生理指标Physiological index总酚含量Total pheno content类黄酮含量Flavonoid content POD 活性POD activity PPO活性PPO activity MDA含量MDA content

3 讨论

新鲜果蔬经鲜切加工作为一种采后非生物胁迫,可显著增加新鲜果蔬的抗氧化活性和营养保健功效,但同时果蔬组织鲜切后结构遭到破坏,底物和酶直接接触,极易引发组织褐变等生理变化,大大缩短产品货架期[23]。控制底物含量、酶活性及活性氧含量是抑制酶促褐变的主要途径,本试验通过不同浓度(0.5、1.0和2.0 mmol/L)SNP对鲜切粉葛进行浸泡护色,结果表明鲜切粉葛褐变度随着SNP处理浓度的增大而减少,以2.0 mmol/L SNP效果最佳。

NO在调节植物酚类代谢过程中发挥重要作用,PAL在植物内通过催化苯丙氨酸生为肉桂酸来联系初级和刺激代谢,PPO可催化多酚类化合物发生氧化生成类醌类物质,POD在酶促褐变中表现较为复杂,既能在H2O2存在下能催化酚类、类黄酮的氧化和聚合,也能清除细胞内过多的过氧化物。张君君等[24]研究认为PAL、PPO和POD活性在鲜切黄藤笋褐变过程中起主导作用。本试验结果表明,2.0 mmol/L SNP能够有效抑制PAL、PPO及POD活性,减轻鲜切粉葛褐变,这与DUAN等[25]应用NO处理延缓龙眼果皮褐变的结果一致。同时,SNP处理可抑制酚类物质合成,降低总酚含量,显著促进类黄酮的积累,这与ROKSANA等[26]在NO延缓鲜切苹果褐变的研究相一致,YANG等[27]研究发现0.5 mmol/L SNP通过抑制PAL、PPO、POD活性延缓了采后鲜竹笋的褐化,但能保持竹笋中较高的总酚含量和较低的木质素含量,表明NO在调节酚类代谢途径中的复杂性和多样性,这与CINTIA推断“NO通过与PPO、PAL活性位点相互作用抑制其活性从而减轻组织褐变”[28]的论断一致,相关性分析表明,2.0 mmol/L SNP处理鲜切粉葛褐变度与PAL活性、总酚含量、类黄酮含量呈极显著正相关,与POD、PPO活性呈极显著负相关,与MDA相关性不显著。

葛根总黄酮是葛根的有效成分,南方粉葛葛根黄酮含量少,一般多用来压榨淀粉,赵婧文等[29]研究认为粉葛药材中,淀粉含量越多则有效成分越少,粉葛中淀粉含量与葛根素含量呈负相关,进一步说明NO在提高栽培中草药药性中的重要作用。

4 结论

本试验结果表明,鲜切粉葛在5 ℃贮藏过程中,0.5、1.0和2.0 mmol/L SNP预处理可通过抑制贮藏后期PAL活性降低总酚含量,抑制整个贮藏过程中PPO活性,延缓鲜切粉葛褐变,并促进类黄酮积累,以2.0 mmol/L SNP效果最佳,SNP可作为一种药理作用极佳的抗褐变剂在鲜切粉葛护色工艺上进行应用。

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Study on the Effect of Nitric Oxide Treatment on the Inhibition of Browning of Fresh-cut Pueraria at Low Temperature

SONG Kanghua1,ZHANG Lubin1,2,FENG Xianjue2
(1.South Subtropical Crops Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Hainan Province for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products, Zhanjiang 524031,China;2.Lingnan Normal University,Zhanjiang 524091,China)

Abstract:【Objective】 Fresh-cut Pueraria (southern medicinal plant) is prone to browning,the effect of nitric oxide(NO) treatment on the inhibition of browning of fresh-cut Pueraria at 5℃ was studied in this paper.【Method】 Fresh-cut Puerariawere dipped into 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside (SNP) solution respectively for 15 min and then were drained and sealed with polyethylene and stored at constant temperature 5℃.And the physiological and biochemical indexes related to browning were determined regularly.【Result】 The results showed that,compared with the control group,the browning of fresh-cut Pueraria was inhibited by being treated with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside.The browning index of treatment with 2.0 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside was lowest,which was only 62.4% of the control at 10 d.Based on the determination of the physiological and and biochemical indexes related to browning,different concentrations of SNP treatment could inhibit the activity of PAL after 6 d,decrease the total phenol content,and activity of PPO and promote the content of total flavonoid during the whole storage,and the above indexes were inhibited or promoted significantly with the increase of the concentration of SNP.The contents of total phenol and flavonoid of the treatment with 2.0 mmol/L SNP were 66.4% and 542% of the control at 10d,while the activity of POD and the content of malondialdehyde were decreased significantly by the treatment of 2.0 mmol/L SNP during the whole storage,which could inhibit the brownin go ffresh-cut Pueraria.According the correlation analysis on the physiological indexes of fresh-cut Pueraria treated with 2.0 mmol/L SNP,the browning degree was positively correlated with PAL activity,total phenol contentand flavonoid content and negatively correlated with the activity of POD and PPO,however,it was not correlated with MDA significantly.【Conclusion】 2 mmol/L SNP treatment could effectively inhibit the browning of fresh-cut Pueraria and improve its functional quality,providing reference to the color protecting of fresh-cut Pueraria.

Key words:nitric oxide;fresh-cut Pueraria;browning;physiological indexes;delaying;functional quality

中图分类号:S379

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2019)09-0142-07

宋康华,张鲁斌,冯显爵.低温下一氧化氮延缓鲜切粉葛褐化效果研究[J].广东农业科学,2019,46(9):142-148.

收稿日期:2019-06-15

基金项目:广东省科技计划项目(2013B090900012)

作者简介:宋康华(1985—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向为果蔬采后生理及贮藏技术,E-mail:sun_nykang@163.com

通信作者:张鲁斌(1976—),男,博士,研究员,研究方向为食品加工与贮藏,E-mail:rubzhang@126.com

(责任编辑 白雪娜)