广东农业科学
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作者简介:

苟钟勇(1982—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向为家禽营养与饲料科学,E-mail:yozhgo917@163.com

通信作者:

蒋守群(1971—),女,博士,研究员,研究方向为家禽营养与饲料科学,E-mail:jiangshouqun@gdaas.cn

中图分类号:S831.5

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2020)11-0125-10

DOI:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2020.11.014

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目录contents

    摘要

    黄羽肉鸡在我国肉鸡产业乃至整个畜禽行业发展中具有举足轻重的地位。结合众多已有的黄羽肉鸡能量需要量研究数据分析得到的快速型、中速型和慢速型黄羽肉鸡氮校正代谢能需要量参数。分类型、分阶段综述了黄羽肉鸡粗蛋白质、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、钙、非植酸磷、钠、氯、微量矿物元素和维生素的营养需要量研究, 提供了可参考应用的肉鸡氨基酸平衡模式。涉及的绝大多数营养需要参数已编制录入最新制定的农业行业标准 《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645-2020)中,为实现黄羽肉鸡精准营养提供参考借鉴。综述了黄羽肉鸡肉品质营养调控研究,主要涉及维生素、矿物元素等营养素和大豆异黄酮等非营养性功能添加剂对黄羽肉鸡肉质的调控作用。在黄羽肉鸡非常规饲料资源利用方面,主要综述了小麦、米糠等非常规能量饲料,棉籽粕、菜籽粕、玉米DDGS等非常规蛋白饲料,以及桑叶粉、辣木叶、发酵树叶等其他非常规饲料资源在黄羽肉鸡中的应用研究, 这些将为实现黄羽肉鸡产业健康可持续发展提供参考。

    Abstract

    Yellow-feathered broiler chickens play an important role in the development of chicken industry even the whole livestock and poultry industry in China. Nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy requirement parameters of rapidly, mediumly and slowly growing yellow-feathered broiler chickens were reviewed. Combined with many collecting data of studies on energy requirements of yellow-feathered broiler chicken. Researches on crude protein, lysine, methionine, calcium, non-phytate phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, trace mineral elements and vitamin requirement of different types of yellow-feathered broiler chickens with different growth phases were reviewed. The suggested amino acid balance mode was presented. Most nutritional requirement parameters were compiled into agricultural industry standard Nutrient Requirements of Yellow-feathered Broiler Chickens (NY/T 3645-2020), providing references for precise nutrition of yellow-feathered broiler chickens. Meanwhile, researches on meat quality regulation of yellow-feathered broiler chickens were summarized, mainly including the regulation of meat quality by nutrients such as vitamins and minerals, and non-nutritional additives like soy isoflavone. In terms of utilization of unconventional feed resources of yellow-feathered broiler chickens, studies on meal, rapeseed meal and corn DDGS, and other unconventional feed resources such as mulberry leaf powder, moringa oleifera leaf and fermented leaves in yellow-feathered broiler chickens were also summarized, which provided references for the healthy and sustainable development of yellow-feathered broiler chicken industry.

  • 黄羽肉鸡产业发展迅速,在我国肉鸡产业乃至整个畜禽行业发展中具有举足轻重的地位,近年每年出栏约40 亿只,占肉鸡总出栏量近50%[1]。我国黄羽肉鸡品种繁多,有107 个品种和44 个配套系[2],按照生长速度和出栏时间主要分为快速型、 中速型和慢速型三大类。这三类黄羽肉鸡饲养量各占约1/3,不同类型鸡种拥有各自相对稳定的市场份额和目标消费群体,并在不同阶段、不同区域和不同市场行情中呈现此消彼长的趋势[3]。 不同类型、品种的黄羽肉鸡对能量、蛋白质和氨基酸等的需要量差异较大[4]。2004 年我国颁布的NY/T 33-2004《鸡饲养标准》仅提出了适用于偏中速型黄羽肉鸡的营养需要标准参数。而维生素、矿物质及微量元素营养需要量参数则完全参照美国NRC(1994)推荐的肉仔鸡营养需要量, 均已不能适应我国当前黄羽肉鸡的生产实际。因此,为实现黄羽肉鸡精准营养配制与供给,需要针对能量、蛋白、氨基酸、矿物质和维生素5 大类营养需要量参数开展系统研究,建立营养需要模型,制定适合不同类型黄羽肉鸡的精准营养需要参数标准。黄羽肉鸡的肉质研究也一直是研究热点之一[5]。而能量、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素和矿物元素、油脂等营养素对肉质均具有调控作用, 异黄酮、酸化剂、益生素等非营养性添加剂对肉质也具有调节作用。但目前我国饲料资源短缺, 特别是蛋白饲料资源尤其短缺,优质的蛋白饲料资源(豆粕)需长期依赖进口。2019 年末,新冠肺炎疫情开始席卷全球。在全国人民和各级政府共同努力下,当前国内疫情已得到有效控制,但国外新冠肺炎疫情仍在持续大范围暴发,这将对国际粮食供应和贸易产生重大影响,在很大程度上影响我国饲粮特别是豆粕的有效供应,进一步加剧优质饲粮短缺现状。因此,实现黄羽肉鸡饲料资源高效利用,并开发利用其他非常规饲料资源已成为重要研究方向之一。小麦、米糠、小麦麸、 饲料米、木薯和木薯渣等非常规能量饲料,棉籽粕、 菜籽粕、玉米酒糟及可溶物(Distillers dried grains with solubles, DDGS)、花生饼粕等非常规蛋白饲料,以及叶粉、辣木叶粉、杏鲍菇菌渣、酱油粕、 青宁啤酒粕、发酵味精废弃物等其他非常规饲料的应用在黄羽肉鸡中都已有研究报道[6]。 本文综述了近10 多年以来,国内学者在黄羽肉鸡精准营养需要标准参数制定、黄羽肉鸡肉品质营养调控和非常规饲料资源利用三方面取得的重要研究进展,以期为进一步实现黄羽肉鸡产业健康、 绿色可持续发展提供理论指导和技术支撑。

  • 1 黄羽肉鸡营养需要量研究

  • 1.1 能量需要量

  • 黄羽肉鸡能量需要受生长速度、品种、性别和饲养方式、光照等多种因素的影响。光照优化管理可促进黄羽肉鸡褪黑激素的分泌,降低黄羽肉鸡的能量需求[7]。李龙等[8]搜集了近20 年来我国黄羽肉鸡营养相关研究文献,筛选出具有完整饲粮配方、肉鸡体重和采食量数据齐全、代表我国黄羽肉鸡生产实际的文献近200 篇,结合黄羽肉鸡生产实际,通过聚类方法根据黄羽肉鸡生长速度将黄羽肉鸡分成快速型、中速型和慢速型三大类。根据文献报道的饲粮配方,广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所(以下简称“动科所”)结合黄羽肉鸡饲料原料营养价值成分表[9],重新计算了文献报道中黄羽肉鸡饲粮的氮校正代谢能(MEn),建立了生长性能与饲粮MEn的回归模型,通过回归模型得到最佳生长性能时的饲粮MEn,并提出了三类黄羽肉鸡各阶段的MEn需要量[8]:快速型黄羽肉鸡1~21、 22~42、43~63 日龄MEn需要量分别为11.92、 12.34、12.76 MJ/kg(饲粮浓度,下同);中速型黄羽肉鸡1~30、31~60、61~90 日龄MEn需要量分别为11.72、12.13、12.55 MJ/kg;慢速型黄羽肉鸡1~30、31~60、61~90、91~120 日龄MEn需要量分别为11.51、11.92、12.13 和12.34 MJ/kg。 以黄羽肉鸡生长性能为评价指标,建立黄羽肉鸡能量需要模型,对实现黄羽肉鸡精准营养供给和饲料精准配制具有重要意义[10]。 动科所对快速型和慢速型黄羽肉鸡能量需要量分阶段做了系统研究[11-13],结果发现,慢速型与快速型黄羽肉鸡的饲粮能量浓度与日增重均呈正相关,与料重比均呈负相关。尽管我们认为黄羽肉鸡生长各阶段均应以生长性能作为评价指标来确定能量需要量和其他营养素需要量,但是若忽略了饲粮能量过剩会导致脂肪过度沉积,那么虽然黄羽肉鸡体重确实增长了,料重比也显著降低了,但高能量饲粮却造成了能量浪费、脂肪过度沉积的负面影响, 这些问题在肉鸡生产实际中应引起足够重视。 近年国内对黄羽肉鸡能量需要量的研究主要集中在慢速型黄羽肉鸡上,主要涉及凌云乌鸡母鸡(0~42 日龄)[14]、沂蒙鸡公鸡(57~77 日龄)[15] 等。黄羽肉鸡MEn需要量(饲粮浓度)基本上符合同一品种后一阶段不低于前一阶段的规律,这与肉鸡前期主要以蛋白沉积为主,脂肪沉积主要在后期的规律一致;同时也基本符合同一品种同一阶段公鸡MEn需要量(饲粮浓度)不低于母鸡的规律, 这与同一品种同一阶段公鸡的生长速度一般快于母鸡的规律相吻合。

  • 1.2 蛋白质需要量

  • 蛋白质在肉鸡生长、维持生命以及细胞与组织修复中起着重要作用。饲粮中如果蛋白质供应不足, 肉鸡的生长速度就会减慢;如果饲粮中蛋白质添加过量,超过了机体吸收利用的能力,则多余的蛋白质就会被排出体外,造成环境污染,也增加了肉鸡生产成本[16]。因此,蛋白质水平对设计合适的肉鸡饲料配制方案至关重要。动科学所分性别、分阶段系统研究了快速型黄羽肉鸡公鸡、母鸡1~21、 22~42、43~63 日龄3 个阶段的粗蛋白质(CP)需要量[17-18],根据肉鸡的生长性能(平均日增重或料重比)数据和饲粮CP水平进行二次抛物线模型分析,结果得到快速型黄羽肉鸡公鸡、母鸡1~21 日龄CP需要量分别为22.0%、20.8%,每日需要量分别为6.54、5.48 g;同样,建立双折线模型, 得到快速型黄羽肉鸡公鸡、母鸡22~42 日龄的CP需要量分别为19.4%、17.5%,每日需要量分别为16.2、12.7 g;快速型黄羽肉鸡公鸡、母鸡43~63 日龄的CP需要量分别为18.1%、17.4%,每日需要量分别为24.4、23.2 g。 国内其他研究单位对黄羽肉鸡CP需要量的研究也集中在慢速型黄羽肉鸡上,主要以生产实际应用为导向,研究效率高,但不足之处是营养素梯度精准度不够或者覆盖面较窄。以日增重为评价指标,文昌鸡阉割鸡75~131日龄的饲粮最适CP水平为13.1%[19]。通过建立回归模型得到0~42日龄茶花鸡2号(公母混养)CP需要量为21.9%(饲粮浓度),每日需要量为4.39 g[20]。尽管茶花鸡2号(慢速型黄羽肉鸡)0~42日龄的CP需要量(饲粮浓度)较高,接近快速型黄羽肉鸡公鸡1~21日龄CP需要量,但因其采食量较低,每日CP需要量远低于快速型黄羽肉鸡公鸡或母鸡。利用每个营养需要量相关研究报道中的数据都可以建立营养需要模型,但并非都能从所建立模型中得到最佳生长性能时的营养需要值,有些模型得到的最佳营养需要值已经超出研究给出的饲粮能量范围,这种情况下使用模型得到的能量需要值可能很大程度上偏离生产。

  • 1.3 氨基酸需要量及氨基酸平衡模式

  • 1.3.1 赖氨酸

  • 赖氨酸是肉鸡的必需氨基酸,也是肉鸡生长发育的第二限制性氨基酸。在氨基酸平衡模式中,要维持其他氨基酸与赖氨酸的平衡比例, 因此配制肉鸡饲粮时,需要一个准确的赖氨酸需要量参数。如果赖氨酸需要量参数错误,则会导致其他氨基酸需要量参数估计错误[21]。王一冰等[22] 在快速型黄羽肉鸡上分阶段、性别开展赖氨酸需要量研究,结果显示,快速型黄羽肉鸡公鸡、母鸡1~21、22~42、43~63 日龄的赖氨酸需要量分别为1.25%、1.21%,1.18%、1.10%,0.844%、0.929%, 每日需要量分别为0.304、0.282 g,0.849、0.631 g, 0.945、0.847 g。尽管试验得到的快速型黄羽肉鸡母鸡43~63 日龄的赖氨酸需要量(饲粮浓度)高于同阶段的公鸡,但是公鸡的每日赖氨酸需要量高于母鸡,符合公鸡体重、生长速度高于同时期母鸡的一般规律。

  • 1.3.2 蛋氨酸

  • 蛋氨酸是家禽的第一限制性氨基酸,与赖氨酸都是商品饲料中最常添加的两种晶体氨基酸。肉鸡的蛋氨酸需要量除了可通过确定的赖氨酸需要量参数和氨基酸平衡模式计算得到外,也可以通过建立饲粮蛋氨酸水平与肉鸡生长性能的回归模型计算得到。Li等[23]通过建立二次或指数渐进线回归模型得到快速型黄羽肉鸡1~21 日龄公鸡、母鸡蛋氨酸需要量分别为0.54%~0.55%、 0.47%~0.51%; 慢速型黄羽肉鸡1~30 日龄公鸡、 母鸡蛋氨酸需要量分别为0.51%~0.53%、 0.43%~0.51%。不同模型得到的蛋氨酸需要量参数有一定偏差。研究蛋氨酸需要量时,如果饲粮中缺乏半胱氨酸,不单独添加半胱氨酸时就需要考虑多添加蛋氨酸,使部分蛋氨酸在机体内转化成半胱氨酸供给生长需要,此时得到的蛋氨酸需要量应该加上饲粮半胱氨酸含量,更确切地称之为蛋氨酸 + 半胱氨酸需要量,单独认定为蛋氨酸需要量可能会导致蛋氨酸需要参数偏高。

  • 1.3.3 氨基酸平衡模式

  • Wu等[24]综合了多位研究者提出的理想蛋白下的氨基酸平衡模式,最后以美国德州农工大学的名义提出了优化后的0~21、 21~56 日龄肉鸡真可消化氨基酸平衡模式而被广泛引用,分别为:赖氨酸∶蛋氨酸∶半胱氨酸∶苏氨酸∶缬氨酸∶精氨酸∶色氨酸∶异亮氨酸∶亮氨酸∶组氨酸∶脯氨酸∶苯丙氨酸 + 酪氨酸∶苯丙氨酸∶甘氨酸 + 丝氨酸=100 ∶ 40 ∶ 32 ∶ 67 ∶ 77 : 105 ∶ 16 ∶ 67 ∶ 109 ∶ 35 ∶ 184 ∶ 105 ∶ 60 ∶ 245 和100∶42∶32∶70∶80∶108∶17∶69∶109∶35∶ 184∶105∶60∶245。动科所已系统研究提出了快速型黄羽肉鸡1~21、22~42、43~63 日龄各阶段蛋氨酸、 蛋氨酸 + 半胱氨酸[23]、苏氨酸、色氨酸、异亮氨酸的需要量[25],将这些氨基酸需要量参数(饲粮浓度)分别与王一冰等[22]研究得到的赖氨酸需要量参数(饲粮浓度)建立比值关系,得到的氨基酸平衡模式与Wu等[24]提出的模型相近。

  • 1.4 矿物元素需要量

  • 机体内的常量矿物元素钙、磷、钠、氯、钾, 通常以百分含量表示,是机体的重要组分,起着结构组成和新陈代谢调节作用。肉鸡饲粮中95%以上的钙和80%左右的磷被用于骨骼形成和生长, 20%的磷用于细胞的结构组成和能量利用[26]。微量矿物元素铜、铁、锰、锌在机体中含量非常小, 但对肉鸡生长也起重要作用。微量矿物元素主要在酶催化系统中发挥功能,或者属于酶的组成部分。

  • 1.4.1 钙

  • 研究表明,以胫骨性能作为评价指标, 快速型黄羽肉鸡公鸡1~21 日龄钙需要量为0.95%, 每日需要量为0.266 g;22~42 日龄黄羽肉鸡钙需要量为0.90%,每日需要量为0.841 g[27];43~63 日龄黄羽肉鸡的钙需要量为0.85%,每日需要量为1.07 g[28]。而慢速型母鸡29~56 日龄钙需要量为0.85%,每日需要量为0.377 g[29]。以体尺性状为评价指标,怀乡鸡(又称“三黄鸡”,公母各半混养) 29~56 日龄的钙需要量为0.80%~1.00%[30]

  • 1.4.2 磷

  • 目前对磷需要量的研究在猪上常用有效磷(AP)表示,而家禽上多以非植酸磷(NPP) 表示,在肉鸡上,AP可根据公式:AP=NPP +(10%~20%)×植酸磷(不添加植酸酶的情况下) 粗略计算得到。研究显示,以获得最佳胫骨性能指标考虑,快速型黄羽肉鸡公鸡1~21日龄的NPP需要量为0.51%,每日需要量为0.158 g[31];22~42日龄的NPP需要量为0.48%,每日需要量为0.355 g[32]; 43~63日龄的NPP需要量为0.37%,每日需要量为0.490 g。与钙需要量情况类似,快速型黄羽肉鸡各阶段满足最佳生长性能的NPP需要量(饲粮浓度) 均略低于满足胫骨最佳发育时的NPP需要量,NPP添加过高对黄羽肉鸡生长有负面影响。快速型黄羽肉鸡公鸡1~21、22~42、43~63日龄饲粮中分别添加874[26]、685、309 U/kg[32]酵母来源的植酸酶相当于节省添加1 g(0.1%)NPP,由此表明,随着日龄的增长,黄羽肉鸡对植酸磷的消化利用能力也有所增强。添加植酸酶一般最多可节省50%左右的NPP。在低钙、磷饲粮中添加高剂量的植酸酶均可提高1~42日龄黄羽肉鸡的生长性能,改善胫骨性能[33]。中速型黄羽肉鸡1~25、26~45、46~65日龄钙和NPP需要量分别为0.90%和0.40%、0.85%和0.36%、0.80%和0.33%[34],均略低于快速型黄羽肉鸡。

  • 1.4.3 钠、氯

  • 钠和氯作为机体重要的电解质,在机体内对调节酸碱平衡、水盐代谢,维持体液渗透压,保证营养素适宜的代谢环境等方面发挥着重要作用。近几年,黄羽肉鸡钠、氯需要量的研究也有相关报道。快速型黄羽肉鸡公鸡1~21、22~42、 43~63 日龄阶段钠需要量分别为0.22%、0.12%和0.13%,氯需要量分别为0.22%、0.11%和0.11%; 每日钠需要量分别为0.074、0.124、0.190 g,每日氯需要量分别为0.074、0.113、0.161 g[35-36]

  • 1.4.4 微量矿物元素

  • 目前已有一些对黄羽肉鸡不同生长阶段微量矿物元素铁[37]、铜[38]、锰、 锌[39-40]、硒需要量参数的研究。以肉质为评价指标,得到黄羽肉鸡43~63 日龄饲粮铁需要量为89~108 mg/kg,每日铁需要量为11~13 mg[37]。 为获得较好生长性能,1~21 日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡饲粮铜适宜添加水平为10.8 mg/kg[38]。研究发现, 若以胫骨锌含量为衡量指标,通过非线性回归模型估测快速型黄羽肉鸡43~63 日龄饲粮锌适宜水平为60 mg/kg[40]

  • 1.5 维生素需要量

  • 维生素与微量矿物元素一样,虽然在机体内的需要量很少,但具有重要作用。如维生素A对肝脏有保护作用,维生素D3 促进钙的吸收及骨骼发育,维生素E具有抗氧化性,可提高鸡肉品质等。已有研究对黄羽肉鸡的维生素A[41]、维生素D3 [42]、维生素E[43-44]、核黄素[45]、烟酸[46]等进行了系统研究,提出了相应的需要量参数。研究发现,分别以生长性能、抗氧化性能和肉品质作为判定指标,黄羽肉鸡43~63 日龄饲粮维生素A适宜水平分别为1908、3208、6208 IU/kg[41]。 以最佳胫骨灰分含量为评价指标,快速型黄羽肉鸡22~42、43~63 日龄饲粮维生素D3 水平分别为539、500 IU/kg[42]。综合各抗氧化指标,经方差分析和多重比较得到22~42 日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮维生素E适宜水平为13.6~23.6 mg/kg[43]。尽管饲粮中添加维生素E对43~63 日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能无显著影响,但是维生素E可提高肉鸡机体抗氧化功能,改善肉品质,且以20 mg/kg的添加水平最佳[44]。阮栋等[45-46]以平均日增重和抗氧化性能为评定指标,发现43~63 日龄黄羽肉鸡核黄素适宜添加水平均为3.0 mg/kg;以日增重为评价指标, 依据双斜率拐点模型得到1~21 日龄黄羽肉鸡的烟酸需要量为25 mg/kg, 略低于NRC(1994)1~21 日龄肉仔鸡的烟酸推荐量35 mg/kg。

  • 2 黄羽肉鸡肉品质营养调控研究

  • 2.1 维生素对肉质的调控

  • 研究发现,饲粮添加750~6000 IU/kg维生素A显著降低了黄羽肉鸡宰后45 min胸肌肉色亮度值; 添加6000 IU/kg维生素A显著提高了黄羽肉鸡胸肌肌内脂肪含量及宰后45 min、24 h胸肌肉色红度值和pH值;添加3000 IU/kg维生素A显著降低了黄羽肉鸡宰后45 min、24 h胸肌滴水损失;添加1500~12000 IU/kg维生素A还显著降低了黄羽肉鸡胸肌剪切力值;饲粮添加3000 IU/kg维生素A显著提高了黄羽肉鸡胸肌总抗氧化能力[41]。与维生素A对肉质的部分作用类似,饲粮中添加5、 10、40、80 mg/kg维生素E均显著提高了黄羽肉鸡宰后45 min和24 h的胸肌pH,显著降低了黄羽肉鸡滴水损失;饲粮中添加20、40、80 mg/kg维生素E还显著提高了黄羽肉鸡肌肉中总超氧化物歧化酶的活性[43]

  • 2.2 矿物元素对肉质的调控

  • 矿物元素对肉鸡肉品质的影响已有较多研究报道。快速型黄羽肉鸡43~63 日龄饲粮中适宜的钙水平(0.85%)能降低63 日龄肉鸡肌肉的剪切力,但是较高剂量饲粮钙水平(1.15%)则会提高鸡肉的滴水损失[28]。与对照相比,黄羽肉鸡饲粮中添加0.225 mg/kg硒显著降低了胸肌肉色亮度值,鸡肉黄度值还显著低于0.150 mg/kg硒添加组[47]。黄羽肉鸡饲粮中适当提高铁、铜、锌、硒等微量元素组合对鸡肉肉色红度值与pH值均有显著提高,对剪切力、黄度值与滴水损失均显著降低[48]

  • 2.3 大豆异黄酮等对肉质的调控

  • 大豆异黄酮具有抗氧化作用,能提高鸡肉的抗氧化功能,提高鸡肉的熟肉率[49]和降低鸡肉的滴水损失。低聚壳聚糖有降低鸡肉亮度值的作用[50]。 动科所在黄羽肉鸡肉质、风味、肌肉抗氧化力等方面做了大量研究,采用细胞、分子生物学手段深入探索揭示了营养性添加剂改善肉质的作用机理,制定了黄羽肉鸡肉质评定技术操作规程[51], 还进一步开展了肉质和风味营养调控技术集成研究,提出改善黄羽肉鸡肉质的营养调控技术,如在黄羽肉鸡宰前3 周饲粮中添加益长素300 mg/kg + VE 40 mg/kg + VB28 mg/kg + 有机硒0.15 mg/kg + 无机硒0.15 mg/kg或VD31800 IU/kg + 钙(仅大鸡阶段)0.4%+ 谷氨酸钠540 mg/kg组合,可提高黄羽肉鸡肌肉的气味、香味、多汁性和易嚼度,改善黄羽肉鸡肌肉风味[52-53];此外提出缓减运输应激对肉品质影响的营养调控技术,如夏季高温高湿季节在黄羽肉鸡宰前饲粮中添加L-天冬氨酸镁10~20 g/kg + 维生素E 40 mg/kg可缓减运输应激和高温高湿应激对黄羽肉鸡肉品质的不利影响,表现为改善了鸡肉肉色,降低了肌肉水分损失,延长了鸡肉贮藏时间[23]

  • 3 黄羽肉鸡非常规饲料资源利用研究

  • 3.1 非常规能量饲料利用

  • 近年来,黄羽肉鸡非常规能量饲料的研究主要集中在小麦、米糠、饲料米、木薯、甘薯上[6]。 小麦是黄羽肉鸡相对较常用的非常规饲料。小麦中含有阿拉伯木聚糖等非淀粉多糖抗营养因子,黄羽肉鸡对其消化率很低,因此,以小麦作为能量饲料时,需要添加木聚糖复合酶以提高黄羽肉鸡对小麦能量的利用率,提高饲料效率[54]。小麦型饲粮中添加复合益生菌能提高黄羽肉鸡的生长性能[55]。 添加20%新鲜米糠对黄羽肉鸡1~14 日龄的日增重未见显著影响,但随着米糠应用时间的延长,米糠对黄羽肉鸡生长有负面影响,表明米糠在黄羽肉鸡中的应用时间不宜过长、添加量不宜过大,以添加量小于20%、添加时间小于2 周为宜[56],降低米糠添加量可以适当延长米糠应用时间,但米糠在黄羽肉鸡中最佳添加比例和应用时间仍需进一步研究。

  • 3.2 非常规蛋白饲料利用

  • 目前,在黄羽肉鸡饲料中应用的非常规蛋白饲料资源主要有棉籽粕、菜籽粕、花生饼粕、玉米DDGS等[6]。1~21 日龄快速型黄羽肉鸡饲粮中添加5%低棉酚棉籽粕对肉鸡生长未见不利影响,添加量过高可破坏机体的氧化-还原平衡[57]。棉籽粕经发酵处理后,可有效降低游离棉酚含量,发酵棉籽粕在黄羽肉鸡饲粮中的添加量可高达8%[58]。 阮栋等[59]研究发现,双低菜籽粕在快速型黄羽肉鸡1~21、22~42、43~63 日龄饲粮中的添加量分别为2.5%、3%、7%时,对肉鸡生长性能未见负面影响。 在快速型黄羽肉鸡1~21、22~42、43~63 日龄饲粮中分别添加6%、12%、18%玉米DDGS对肉鸡生长性能也未见不良影响[60]

  • 3.3 其他非常规饲料资源利用

  • 目前已开发利用于黄羽肉鸡上的其他非常饲料资源主要有桑叶粉、辣木叶粉、杏鲍菇菌渣、酱油粕、青宁啤酒粕、发酵味精废弃物等[6]。桑叶粉添加量以小于10%为宜[61],辣木叶粉添加量以20%为宜[62]。国外有研究报道,在当地品种黄羽肉鸡的日粮中中添加25%榈粕替代部分玉米和豆粕,对肉鸡生长无不利影响[63]。发酵树叶(银杏、 构树、刺槐等)也可以成为黄羽肉鸡的非常规饲料资源[64]

  • 4 展望

  • 目前,广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所已系统研究了快速型黄羽肉鸡多种营养素需要量,对慢速型黄羽肉鸡的一些关键营养素需要量也分阶段做了系统研究,并搜集、整理了国内外近20 年在黄羽肉鸡营养需要量方面研究的最新成果,通过大数据分析,建立营养需要量模型,提出了黄羽肉鸡精准营养参数,制定了农业行业标准《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645-2020)[9],将为我国黄羽肉鸡高效精准养殖提供技术支撑。近几年来,国内外一些研究机构主要在慢速型黄羽肉鸡的能量、蛋白、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、钙、非植酸磷、维生素等方面开展了相关研究工作,但中速型黄羽肉鸡营养研究报道相对较少,今后须加强中速型黄羽肉鸡营养相关研究。而黄羽肉鸡肉品质营养调控研究、非常规饲料资源利用等方面也仍将是研究热点,将进一步开展深入系统的研究与集成示范,为实现黄羽肉鸡健康可持续发展奠定坚实基础。

  • (责任编辑 崔建勋)

  • 蒋守群,博士,研究员,硕士生导师,国家肉鸡产业技术体系黄羽肉鸡营养与饲料岗位科学家,现任广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所家禽营养研究室主任,农业部华南动物营养与饲料重点实验室副主任。2007 年毕业于浙江大学动物营养与饲料科学专业,获农学博士学位。 主要从事黄羽肉鸡营养与饲料、营养与免疫研究工作, 先后主持或参与完成省自然基金、国家科技支撑计划等项目20 多项;获得国家科学技术进步二等奖、农业农村部“神农”中华农业科技奖一等奖和广东省科学技术奖一等奖等共6 项科技奖;获得国家发明专利2 项;制定农业行业标准1 项;参编论著6 部,发表科技论文100 多篇,其中SCI收录30 多篇。

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