广东农业科学
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作者简介:

齐国君(1985—),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向为昆虫生态学及入侵生物学,E-mail:qigj@gdppri.com

通信作者:

张振飞(1981—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向为水稻等粮食作物害虫及其防控,E-mail:zhangzhenfei@gdaas.cn

中图分类号:S433.4

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2020)12-0109-13

DOI:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2020.12.012

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目录contents

    摘要

    草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是联合国粮农组织全球预警的重大跨境迁飞性害虫, 具有寄主范围广、繁殖能力强、迁飞扩散快、为害程度重和防控难度大等特点。2019年1月首次入侵我国云南省,并在我国西南、华南及北方广大地区迅速蔓延扩散,对国家粮食安全构成严重威胁。随着草地贪夜蛾在我国周年繁殖区定殖成功,其“北迁南回”将成为常态,草地贪夜蛾已由入侵新发害虫转变为常发性害虫,其防控策略也将由应急防控转变为长期防控。面对严峻的防控形势,迁飞监测预警与科学防控是打赢草地贪夜蛾攻坚战的关键措施。综述了草地贪夜蛾在全球的分布与扩散、迁飞规律、防控技术与措施等,并提出了4个亟待突破的关键问题,以期为控制草地贪夜蛾在我国的传播为害提供参考。

    Abstract

    The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)(FAW), one of the major cross-border migration pests, displays characteristics of wide host range, strong reproductive capacity, fast dispersal speed by migration, serious damage and great difficulty in control. S. frugiperda was reported to invade Yunan, China in January 2019, and then rapidly colonized in southwest and south of China, and spread to northern area of China. S. frugiperda has posed a serious threat to food security of our country. As S. frugiperda colonized successfully in annual reproduction area of our country, it is normal that they spread to north in spring and move back to south in autumn. S. frugiperda is becoming common pest from new invasion pest, therefore, the control strategy will change from emergency prevention and control to long term prevention and control. Facing the serious control situation, migration monitoring and early warning and scientific control are the key measures to win the battle against the S. frugiperda. The global distribution and diffusion, migration pattern, technologies and measures of prevention and control of S. frugiperda are summarized. And four important problems which need urgent breakthrough are also proposed to provide references to control the spread and damage of S. frugiperda in China.

  • 草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith),又名秋黏虫,英文名为Fall armyworm, 隶属于鳞翅目Lepidoptera夜蛾科Noctuidae。草地贪夜蛾具有适生区域广、寄主范围宽、迁飞能力强、繁殖倍数高、暴食为害重、防治难度大等特点,是联合国粮农组织全球预警的重大跨境迁飞性害虫[1]。草地贪夜蛾起源于美洲热带和亚热带地区,自2016年首次在西非发现以来,已入侵非洲、 亚洲及大洋洲等70多个国家并呈现快速扩张态势, 对全球农业及粮食生产构成严重威胁[2]。 2019 年1 月,草地贪夜蛾首次入侵我国云南省, 凭借极强的远距离迁飞能力扩散至西南、华南、江南、长江中下游、黄淮、西北、华北等广大地区为害,累计发生面积达108 万hm2,已成为我国玉米上重大突发性、暴食性害虫,对国家粮食生产安全构成长期性威胁。草地贪夜蛾入侵我国,给我国农业生产带来了重大挑战,面对严峻的防控形势,迁飞预警与科学防控是打赢草地贪夜蛾攻坚战的关键措施[3]。当前,化学农药是应对草地贪夜蛾暴发为害的主要措施,在短期内对抑制害虫种群、减轻作物受害、保障粮食安全方面发挥了重要作用。但长期不规范使用化学杀虫剂将不可避免地使草地贪夜蛾产生抗药性,防控难度将不断加大。从国外已有报道来看,部分地区的草地贪夜蛾已对多种传统化学农药产生了抗性,并且对部分药剂达到高抗水平[4]。因此,随着草地贪夜蛾不断扩散和暴发, 以化学农药为主的防控策略在其种群控制中将面临严峻挑战,亟需寻求新的防控手段以实现对草地贪夜蛾的可持续治理。本文在广东省重点领域研发计划草地贪夜蛾应急防控专题“草地贪夜蛾迁飞规律与监测预警技术”的研究基础上,综述了草地贪夜蛾的分布扩散、迁飞预警、综合防控策略及技术。

  • 1 草地贪夜蛾的分布与扩散

  • 1.1 在世界范围的分布与扩散

  • 草地贪夜蛾的传播扩散不仅与全球贸易运输携带有关,而且与其较强的远距离迁飞能力密不可分。 2016 年以前,草地贪夜蛾的活动范围仅局限在美洲大陆。2016 年1 月,草地贪夜蛾随商贸货运携带首次入侵非洲的尼日利亚,随后两年便席卷了撒哈拉以南的广大地区,给非洲粮食生产造成重创, 目前草地贪夜蛾已迁飞到埃及、毛里塔尼亚等北非国家,甚至有可能季节性迁飞到欧洲[5]。2018 年5 月,草地贪夜蛾首次入侵亚洲印度的卡纳塔克邦州,之后迅速扩散蔓延到南亚、西亚、东南亚、东亚的21 个国家[6]。根据国际植物保护公约组织(IPPC) 官网报道,2020 年1 月,草地贪夜蛾首次在大洋洲澳大利亚托雷斯海峡的塞拜岛和厄鲁布岛发现, 随后在昆士兰州、北领地、西澳大利亚州等区域快速蔓延,入侵范围不断扩大。截至目前,草地贪夜蛾已在世界115 个国家和地区发生为害(图1), 日益频繁的经贸往来及农产品调运是草地贪夜蛾在洲际之间传播扩散的重要途径,而远距离迁飞是其在非洲、亚洲及大洋洲不同国家之间快速蔓延为害的主要原因[7]

  • 图1 草地贪夜蛾在全球的分布扩散

  • Fig.1 Global distribution and spread of Spodoptera frugiperda

  • 1.2 在中国范围的分布与扩散

  • 从草地贪夜蛾首次发现的时间和地点看,2019 年1 月首次在云南省江城县发现草地贪夜蛾幼虫为害[8],3 月11 日在广西宜州市诱集到草地贪夜蛾成虫,4 月下旬广东、贵州、湖南、海南省相继见虫,5 月入侵范围迅速扩大,新增福建、江西、浙江、湖北、四川、重庆、河南、安徽、上海、江苏、 西藏、陕西等12 省份,6 月8 日台湾省苗栗县首次报道发现草地贪夜蛾,20 日山东郯城县首次性诱见虫,7 月新增甘肃、山西、宁夏,8 月河北魏县首次见虫,内蒙古、北京首次性诱见虫,9 月20 日天津东丽区首次性诱见虫(图2)。可见,草地贪夜蛾入侵我国后传播蔓延速度惊人,短短9 个月

  • 图2 2019 年草地贪夜蛾在我国的入侵过程及首次发现地

  • Fig.2 Invasion process and first detected site of Spodoptera frugiperda in China during 2019

  • 扩散至西南、华南、江南、长江中下游、黄淮、西北、 华北地区27 省(区、市),仅青海、新疆、辽宁、 吉林、黑龙江暂未发现[1],并呈现出从南向北、 从西向东逐步扩散的趋势。 草地贪夜蛾没有滞育现象,每年通过南北往返迁飞以躲避夏季高温、冬季低温以及食料缺乏等不良环境。该虫在我国大部分地区无法越冬存活[9], 周年繁殖区及常年越冬区域范围较小。姜玉英等[10] 通过实地广泛调查,明确了草地贪夜蛾在我国28°N以南的热带和南亚热带地区可周年繁殖,越冬区主要在28°~31°N以南,周年繁殖区主要位于云南、广东、海南、四川、广西、福建、贵州7 省[11-13],而安徽、河南等北方广大地区无法越冬[10]。 海南省地处热带地区,冬季草地贪夜蛾可持续为害玉米,南繁区和东方市冬玉米区草地贪夜蛾发生为害较为严重[13]。广东省地处草地贪夜蛾境外虫源东线入侵我国的桥头堡之一[6],地理位置非常重要。 我们通过全省范围内调查,研究了草地贪夜蛾周年繁殖区范围及冬季发生特征,阐明了该虫在北回归线以南的冬玉米区可以周年繁殖,无明显的滞育越冬现象,粤西茂名、阳江以南至雷州半岛一带为典型冬种玉米区,草地贪夜蛾发生为害较为严重,珠三角及粤东大部分地区种群数量相对较低[12],调查结果为广东省乃至全国草地贪夜蛾的早期预警和精准防控提供了重要参考。

  • 2 草地贪夜蛾的迁飞路径模拟及入侵风险评估

  • 2.1 迁飞路径模拟

  • 草地贪夜蛾飞行能力很强,迁移扩散速度快, 可通过远距离迁飞进行大范围扩散蔓延。该虫成虫可在几百米高空借助风力,经多晚连续飞行,迁飞距离可达数百上千公里[3]。远距离迁飞特性使得该虫发生具有突发性、暴发性,从而大大增加了其监测预警和防控的难度,而明确其迁飞种群的虫源地、迁飞路径及可能降落区是草地贪夜蛾精准监测的关键。 迁飞轨迹分析方法是确定虫源地或降落区最普遍、有效的方法之一,已被广泛应用于多种迁飞性昆虫的空中飞行轨迹模拟研究[14]。草地贪夜蛾在北美的季节性迁飞为害研究十分透彻,Westbrook等[15]轨迹分析结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在美国以佛罗里达州、德克萨斯州为起点,沿东西两线继代迁飞,可为害美国中东部大部分地区,甚至迁飞至加拿大魁北克和安大略省为害。如果天气条件适宜,草地贪夜蛾的迁飞距离会更长,30 h内迁飞距离可达到1600 km[3]。加勒比海地区是连接南北美洲的重要纽带,然而该地区的风向不适宜草地贪夜蛾种群在南美洲和北美洲两个大陆之间远距离迁飞[16]。同样,草地贪夜蛾也难以通过自然迁飞的方式跨越大西洋,由美洲大陆入侵非洲大陆[6]。 在入侵的非洲和亚洲地区,草地贪夜蛾凭借其强大的飞行能力,已在48 个非洲国家和19 个亚洲国家迅速扩散蔓延[3]。该虫在非洲的迁飞轨迹分析较少,仅通过研究单倍型比例鉴定了非洲草地贪夜蛾的遗传多样性。而在亚洲,大量的草地贪夜蛾的迁飞轨迹研究集中在东亚迁飞场[17],众所周知, 东亚迁飞场地势平坦,沿途没有足以阻挡迁飞的天然屏障,春、夏季的偏南气流和秋季的偏北气流十分典型,可为迁飞性昆虫的季节性迁飞提供运载气流。一系列迁飞轨迹模拟结果表明,草地贪夜蛾入侵后在我国的迁飞路线可分为东线、西线,西线主要由缅甸迁入云南,经贵州、四川、重庆地区到达西北地区,而东线主要从越南、老挝等东南亚地区进入华南地区[18],随西南季风继代迁飞至长江流域、江淮地区[19],到达我国华北、东北地区[20]。 此外,东南沿海地区的草地贪夜蛾虫源可随季风跨海迁飞至日本、韩国[6]

  • 2.2 入侵风险评估

  • 2016 年以来,草地贪夜蛾在非洲、亚洲等国家快速扩张已引起全世界广泛关注。为了明确草地贪夜蛾在全球的潜在适生范围和入侵风险,Early等[21]利用环境变量和草地贪夜蛾的分布数据构建了物种分布模型,提出非洲撒哈拉以南的大部分地区全年均可以适生,而南亚、东南亚和澳大利亚等国家面临着草地贪夜蛾入侵风险较高;Liu等[20] 在MaxEnt模型中增加了地形和土地利用情况,模拟了草地贪夜蛾在全球的高度适生区域;Fan等[22] 比较了多组分布数据和生态位变化,明确了非洲草地贪夜蛾的潜在分布区集中分布在热带和亚热带地区,仍存在一定的入侵潜力;Baloch等[23]模拟了中亚地区草地贪夜蛾的适生为害区域,阿富汗西部、 哈萨克斯坦南部和土库曼斯坦南部的适生性较高。 在中国,关于草地贪夜蛾潜在适生分布区域的预测较多,预测基本一致认为该虫在我国长江以南大部分地区适生性较高,而长江以北适生性较低。然而, 由于草地贪夜蛾可以借助风力进行远距离迁飞,预测结果未能真实反映其实际发生分布范围[24]

  • 3 草地贪夜蛾的绿色防控

  • 3.1 生态调控技术

  • 加强田间土肥管理和保持田间周边生境多样性可减轻草地贪夜蛾为害[25]。玉米田周边生境多样性越高,寄生性天敌的多样性越丰富,对草地贪夜蛾的寄生率也越高。Altieri等[26]研究发现,玉米和大豆间作田草地贪夜蛾幼虫对玉米的为害率比玉米单作田降低了14%,同时对大豆的为害率降低了23%,且提前1 个月播种大豆还可以进一步降低草地贪夜蛾的为害。另外,间作植物还有驱避害虫、吸引天敌并为天敌提供栖息地和庇护场所等作用。玉米和大豆间作田中以草地贪夜蛾幼虫为食的蠼螋、蜘蛛等天敌的密度比单作田高。“推-拉” 策略是间作技术中应用较为广泛且防虫效果最有效的方式之一,在草地贪夜蛾的防治中也有很好的应用前景。研究发现,与单一种植玉米的田块相比, “推-拉”策略可使玉米上草地贪夜蛾幼虫数量降低82.7%,为害程度降低86.7%,还能增产2.7 倍[27]。 种植抗性品种是控制草地贪夜蛾为害的重要策略之一。在美国,阿根廷玉米品种Maiz Amargo与温带玉米品种杂交得到抗草地贪夜蛾自交系B49、 B52、B64、B68、B96已广泛种植。转基因抗性品种抗虫玉米在种植初期比天然抗性品种对草地贪夜蛾的抗性更强、效果更好。自20世纪90年代以来,美国、加拿大、巴西、阿根廷已经大面积种植转基因玉米用于防治欧洲玉米螟Ostrinia nubilalis(Hubner)、草地贪夜蛾等鳞翅目害虫[28]。转基因玉米防治草地贪夜蛾已成为一项重要的害虫防治方法[29],但长时间大面积种植单一转基因玉米抗性品种,草地贪夜蛾的抗性将逐渐增强。波多黎各草地贪夜蛾田间种群在4年内抗性高达1000~2600 倍[30]。因此,科研人员通过在作物中转入多种不同特性的抗虫基因减少草地贪夜蛾选择压力,减缓其产生抗性,延长品种使用寿命。在我国,周绍群[31]通过开展玉米抗虫遗传多样性研究,结合基因组学数据分析方法,评估了现有玉米品种对草地贪夜蛾的抗性。戴钎萱等[32]研究发现草地贪夜蛾在甜质型玉米上具有更高的生存适合度。 张丹丹等[33]研究发现国内研发的Bt-Cry1Ab和Bt-(CryAb+Vip3Aa)玉米对草地贪夜蛾1~4龄幼虫具有良好的控制效果。

  • 3.2 性诱、食诱防治技术

  • 高效草地贪夜蛾性信息素引诱剂的开发是制约其精准监测与防控的关键技术。草地贪夜蛾性信息素的研究始于1967 年,Sekul等[34]首次报道草地贪夜蛾的性信息素为顺9-十四乙酸酯(Z9-14 ∶ Ac),但其田间效果较差。Tumlinson等[35] 进一步确定了该虫性信息素配方为顺9-十四碳烯乙酸酯∶顺7-十二碳烯乙酸酯=96.6 ∶ 3.4,该组分配比对草地贪夜蛾表现出最强引诱活性。沈嘉彬等[36]在云南巍山进行了田间诱捕试验也证实了含量为3 mg/条该组分配方的诱芯对草地贪夜蛾雄虫引诱效果最佳。昆虫信息素存在地域差异,不同地区种群敏感度不同,因此性引诱剂在不同地区诱虫效果也存在差异。一些性信息素成分的诱芯中往往添加(Z)-11-十二烯-1-醇乙酸酯(Z11-16 ∶ AC),这类产品对田间草地贪夜蛾诱捕虫量大,但同时也会引诱到大量其他夜蛾科成虫[5]。 田间应用时,诱捕器的形状、颜色、类型等因素也显著影响其对草地贪夜蛾的诱集效果。和伟等[37] 研究了3 种形状的诱捕器的田间诱捕效果,发现桶型诱捕器诱捕效果最佳。Mitchell等[38]发现多种颜色组成的诱捕器诱捕效果强于单色诱捕器。Malo等[39]发现黄色诱捕器比蓝色、黑色诱捕器捕获的草地贪夜蛾数量更多。本课题组也系统评价了性诱剂“诱陷多”和桶型诱捕器组合,发现能够显著减少田间产卵量,其中每667 m2 设置5 个可以降低产卵量30%左右(数据待发表)。糖醋液对草地贪夜蛾成虫有一定的引诱作用,王丹等[40]田间试验发现, 当田间虫口数量开始上升时,在每个田块放置1 个糖醋液诱杀盆,可以起到很好的防控作用。另外, 我国科研人员在草地贪夜蛾化学感受蛋白基因、气味结合蛋白基因等方面也开展了一些初步研究[41-42], 这为开发高效、专一的草地贪夜蛾性诱剂、食诱剂提供了理论基础。

  • 3.3 灯光诱集防治技术

  • 夜蛾类昆虫成虫对光都有一定的敏感性。对草地贪夜蛾成虫来说,利用其对特定波长光源的趋光性进行诱杀,杀死一头未产卵的雌成虫相当于间接杀死约1500 粒卵,可保护667 m2 农作物[3]。 Mitchell等[43]田间诱捕研究表明,紫外线灯对草地贪夜蛾成虫的诱捕数量最大。Do Nascimento等[44] 比较了不同颜色的LED杀虫灯对草地贪夜蛾成虫的诱集效果,发现红色和蓝色杀虫灯的诱虫效果最差,而绿色杀虫灯的诱集效果最好。陈昊楠等[45] 选用368、384、405、448 nm单波长杀虫灯,探究不同波长杀虫灯对草地贪夜蛾的田间诱杀效果,结果显示368 nm单波长杀虫灯对成虫诱杀效果最好, 且单波长杀虫灯对天敌昆虫的影响小于传统的黑光灯和频振式杀虫灯。

  • 3.4 天敌昆虫防治技术

  • 据不完全统计,全世界范围内草地贪夜蛾的寄生蜂有10 科120 多种,我国已记载的种类有16 种。 其中,草地贪夜蛾卵寄生蜂夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus(Nixon)目前在全球应用范围最广、防控效果最好[46]。Queiroz等[47]在巴西田间释放的夜蛾黑卵蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生率可达70%以上。 Cave等[48]在玉米地释放5000~8000 头/hm2 夜蛾黑卵蜂,发现其寄生率达78%~100%,能完全控制草地贪夜蛾为害。目前,巴西、墨西哥、委内瑞拉等拉丁美洲国家利用规模化繁育夜蛾黑卵蜂广泛应用于防控草地贪夜蛾,并取得了显著效果[46]。我国在广东广州、香港、贵州省黔东南、海南省等地区均已发现夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生草地贪夜蛾卵块[49-51]。 赵旭等[52]通过在田间小规模人工释放夜蛾黑卵蜂, 发现夜蛾黑卵蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵块的寄生率达到100%,卵粒寄生率为84.39%,田间校正寄生率达83.54%。另外,缘腹绒茧蜂Cotesia marginiventris(Cresson)和岛甲腹茧蜂Chelonus insularis(Cresson) 应用也比较广泛,前者主要寄生草地贪夜蛾1~2 龄幼虫,后者属于跨卵-幼虫期寄生蜂[46]。稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum(Ashmead)、 松毛虫赤眼蜂T.dendrolimi(Matsumura)、螟黄赤眼蜂T.chilonis(Ishii)、玉米螟赤眼蜂T.ostriniae(Pang and Chen)和碧岭赤眼蜂T.bilingensis sp.nov.均可寄生草地贪夜蛾卵,以松毛虫赤眼蜂和碧岭赤眼蜂的寄生能力最强[53]。我们室内测定结果表明,螟黄赤眼蜂单雌平均寄生15.75 粒草地贪夜蛾卵。在玉米田释放螟黄赤眼蜂,对草地贪夜蛾卵的平均寄生率为34.71%(数据待发表)。草地贪夜蛾寄生蝇全世界共4 科66 种,其中应用较广的温寄蝇Winthemia trinitatis(Thompson)主要寄生草地贪夜蛾5~6 龄幼虫,田间寄生率可达30%左右,防效可达50%[54]。 草地贪夜蛾捕食性天敌以捕食性瓢虫和半翅目蝽类研究最多。捕食草地贪夜蛾的瓢虫种类有异色瓢虫Harnonia axyridis(Pallas)、 龟纹瓢虫Propylaea faponica(Thunberg) 和七星瓢虫Coccinella septenpunctata(Linnaeus)等。孔琳等[55-56] 研究发现,多异瓢虫、异色瓢虫和七星瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾1~2 龄幼虫具有较强的捕食能力,3 种瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾均具有较好的控害效果。蒋骏等[57] 发现龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫具有较好的控制作用。捕食草地贪夜蛾的半翅目蝽类天敌昆虫有叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate(Wolff)[58]、 东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri(Poppius)[59]、益蝽Picronerus lewis(Scott)[60]、蠋蝽Arna chinensis(Fallou)[61]等,在室内和田间对草地贪夜蛾低龄若虫均表现出一定的控害效果。本课题组也构建了蠋蝽、叉角厉蝽、厉蝽Cantheconidea concinna(Walker)、 红彩真猎蝽Harpactor fuscipes(Fabrieius)、大红犀猎蝽Sycanus falleni(Stal) 等4 种蝽类天敌的饲养体系,室内研究发现红彩真猎蝽和大红犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫2~3 龄幼虫具有较强的捕食能力,田间试验结果表明叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的防治效果优于蠋蝽。综合捕食能力和饲养成本,叉角厉蝽和蠋蝽是最具有应用潜力的捕食性蝽类天敌产品。另外,国内报道草地贪夜蛾的捕食性天敌还有大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)、丽草蛉Chrysopa formosa(Brauer)、 双斑青步甲Chlaenius bioculatus(Chaudoir)、 黄足肥螋Eurellia pallipes(Shliraki)等[62-65]

  • 3.5 病原微生物防治技术

  • 昆虫病原真菌在草地贪夜蛾防治中具有很大的应用潜力。在已报道的草地贪夜蛾致病性昆虫病原真菌中,大部分仅对卵和低龄幼虫防效较好,对三龄以上高龄幼虫及其他虫态的防效普遍较差。 Shylesha等[66]在印度田间调查发现有大量草地贪夜蛾被莱氏绿僵菌Metarhizium riley感染。CruzAvalos等[67]测定了14 株昆虫病原真菌对草地贪夜蛾的毒力,发现有3 株金龟子绿僵菌对草地贪夜蛾卵和幼虫的致死率均达100%。Carneiro等[68]发现有4 株巴西白僵菌对草地贪夜蛾二龄幼虫致死效果达100%。Akutse等[69]分析了20 个分离自非洲的杀虫真菌对草地贪夜蛾的杀虫效果,发现其中大部分真菌对卵和一龄幼虫防效较好。在我国,侵染草地贪夜蛾的白僵菌[70]、莱氏绿僵菌[71]相继被发现。 程东美等[70]在广州地区田间调查发现,近21%草地贪夜蛾幼虫僵虫是由白僵菌侵染引起。赵胜园等[72]筛选获得1 株对草地贪夜蛾二龄幼虫致死率约为60%的球孢白僵菌。雷妍圆等[73-75]报道了3 株高致病性病原真菌球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana GZSL-1、莱氏绿僵菌Metarhizium rileyi GZSF-1 和玫烟色虫草Cordyceps fumosorosea IFCF01,3 株病原真菌高浓度(1×109 孢子/mL)孢子悬浮液对草地贪夜蛾二龄幼虫致死率均达到100%。其中,球孢白僵菌GZSL-1 和玫烟色虫草菌株IFCF01 可侵染草地贪夜蛾全部6 个龄期的幼虫,但对高龄幼虫(5~6 龄)的致病力较低、均未超过50%。在同一孢子浓度下菌株对低龄幼虫的致病力大于高龄幼虫,尤其对草地贪夜蛾四龄以下幼虫的侵染效果最好,因此利用昆虫病原真菌防治草地贪夜蛾幼虫的适期是低龄幼虫种群的高峰期。 苏云金芽胞杆菌是研究最深入、应用最广泛的一种昆虫病原细菌,其主要杀虫机制是通过分泌 δ-内毒素晶体蛋白等杀虫蛋白杀死昆虫[28]。 Polanczyk等[76]研究发现,在苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株中,草地贪夜蛾易受到Bt aizawai和Bt thuringiensis的感染。李国平等[77]测定了5 种常用Bt蛋白对草地贪夜蛾的致死作用,发现其致死顺序为Vip3A>C ry1Ab>Cry1F>Cry2Ab>Cry1Ac,抑制草地贪夜蛾生长发育的顺序为Cry1Ab>Cry1F>Vip3A>Cry1Ac>Cry 2Ab。因此,在田间应用前,应先在室内对菌株进行筛选和毒力评价。 目前,在草地贪夜蛾生物防控中应用较为广泛的是颗粒体病毒(GV)和核型多角体病毒(NPV)。 Behle等[78]通过温室或田间对比试验,发现草地贪夜蛾核型多角体病毒3AP2 的半致死时间(LT50) 比sf3 少30 h左右,且死亡幼虫明显偏小。张海波等[79]研究发现甜菜夜蛾NPV、甘蓝夜蛾NPV杀虫剂对玉米草地贪夜蛾具有较好的防控效果。 昆虫病原线虫对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的防治潜力较大[80]。Raulston等[81]从格兰德河下游玉米地草地贪夜蛾蛹中分离出的斯氏线虫属线虫对草地贪夜蛾蛹的致死率达46.1%。Molina-Ochoa等[82]在墨西哥也先后发现感染草地贪夜蛾的病原线虫,其中斯氏线虫属线虫分布最为广泛。Leyva-Hernandez等[83] 研究发现,病原线虫Steinernema riobrave对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的致死率最高可达90%。Andaló 等[84] 在温室内防效试验中发现,病原线虫S.arenarium和Heterorhabditis sp.对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的致死率达75.7%和86.5%。梁铭荣等[85]研究发现小卷蛾斯氏线虫A Ⅱ具有较好的草地贪夜蛾生物防治潜质。利用病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾时,可配合表面活性剂进行叶面喷施,可防止昆虫病原线虫在搜寻到寄主之前由于干燥丧失活力。另外,由于昆虫病原线虫对紫外线极其敏感,因此最好在早晨或傍晚使用[86]

  • 4 草地贪夜蛾的化学防控

  • 4.1 化学防治药剂筛选

  • 国外用于防控草地贪夜蛾的化学农药主要有氯虫苯甲酰胺、氰虫酰胺、氟虫双酰胺、乙基多杀菌素、 茚虫威、高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲氧虫酰肼、双苯氟脲等。草地贪夜蛾入侵我国后,农业农村部紧急发布应急防控的用药推荐名单,包括8 种单剂、6 种生物制剂及14 种复配制剂。国内学者相继开展了化学药剂毒力及防效研究。林玉英等[87]发现100 mg/L甲维盐和灭多威处理后48 h,对草地贪夜蛾卵孵化抑制率达到100%;200 mg/L氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀霉素、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、虱螨脲、辛硫磷和杀螟丹分别处理后72 h对草地贪夜蛾卵的孵化抑制率为69.6%~87.65%。赵胜园等[88]发现甲氰菊

  • 酯、唑虫酰胺、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯和呋虫胺对草地贪夜蛾卵具有较高的毒杀活性,校正孵化抑制率可达80%以上;甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、 乙酰甲胺磷、乙基多杀菌素和甲氰菊酯对草地贪夜蛾二龄幼虫具有较强的毒杀作用,校正死亡率超过90%。李钊等[89]发现甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、 斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒、氯虫噻虫嗪3 种药剂防效均在95%以上,且持效期较长;粘颗苏云菌 + 甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、甲维虫螨腈2 种药剂在药后7 d达到最佳效果,但有效期较短。陈利民等[90] 则评价了15 种生物源、矿物源和昆虫激素类等绿色杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾卵和二龄幼虫的室内毒杀效果,发现灭幼脲、虱螨脲、短稳杆菌和苏云金杆菌是绿色防控草地贪夜蛾的首选农药,其中尤以低毒、 易降解的昆虫激素类农药灭幼脲和活体微生物农药短稳杆菌最佳。

  • 4.2 杀虫剂抗性研究

  • 化学农药在害虫防治方面具有快速高效等优势,但长期使用容易使害虫产生抗药性。在美洲地区,草地贪夜蛾已经对多种杀虫剂产生了抗药性。 Young等[91]首次报道采自美国佐治亚州的草地贪夜蛾Tifton种群对甲萘威产生了抗性。Yu等[92]发现采自佛罗里达州斯特拉地区的草地贪夜蛾对甲基对硫磷的抗性倍数高达354。Gutiérrez-Moreno等[93] 研究表明,墨西哥索诺拉省的草地贪夜蛾对毒死蜱产生了20 倍的抗性,美国波多黎各种群的抗性倍数为47 倍;对波多黎各草地贪夜蛾抗药性监测还发现,该地区草地贪夜蛾种群对灭多威和硫双威的抗性倍数分别为223、124 倍,均已达到高抗性水平; 虽然氯虫苯甲酰胺是新一代双酰胺类杀虫剂,但在美国波多黎各部分地区已监测到草地贪夜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺160 倍的高水平抗性。 随着草地贪夜蛾迁入我国,一些学者也开始关注我国抗药性问题。赵胜园等[88]研究表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯等传统拟除虫菊酯类药剂已不能有效防治草地贪夜蛾;有报道指出,Bt田间防治草地贪夜蛾效果总体较差[94]。因此,做好我国草地贪夜蛾种群抗药性及Bt抗性的监测预警尤为重要。另外, 在使用化学农药时要科学、合理、交替使用不同类型的农药,协调使用化学农药和生物农药,合理利用助剂,从而达到延缓抗药性产生、提高防治效果的目的。苏湘宁等[95]首次对广东省佛山、茂名、 韶关市草地贪夜蛾田间种群的抗药性进行研究,发现2019 年上述监测地区的草地贪夜蛾田间种群对甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺均已产生不同程度的抗药性。其中,茂名种群对甲维盐的抗性最高,抗性倍数为14.37 倍,达中等水平抗性;佛山种群和韶关种群对甲维盐均处于低水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为6.62、6.12 倍。茂名种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性最高, 抗性倍数为23.18 倍,达中等水平抗性;韶关种群和佛山种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺均处于低水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为8.35、8.08 倍。

  • 5 展望

  • 草地贪夜蛾自2019 年1 月入侵我国云南之后, 迅速扩散到全国27 个省1338 个县(市、区), 发生面积急剧扩大,给我国粮食安全带来了巨大风险和隐患,引起了中央到地方各级政府高度关注, 党和国家领导人对我国草地贪夜蛾防控多次作出重要指示批示。在2020 年农业农村部根据《农作物病虫害防治条例》公布的《一类农作物病虫害名录》 中,草地贪夜蛾居十大害虫之首。围绕“坚决打赢草地贪夜蛾防控攻坚战,全力保障国家粮食和农业生产安全”的目标要求,我国开展了草地贪夜蛾迁飞规律、监测预警、灾变规律、应急防控技术和绿色可持续控制技术等方面的研究。但是,关于草地贪夜蛾发生规律、内在机制以及有效防控技术仍然存在以下几方面问题亟待突破。

  • 5.1 我国周年繁殖区草地贪夜蛾迁飞扩散机制研究

  • 当前,我国在草地贪夜蛾虫源地溯源、迁飞路径预测分析、潜在危害区域评估等方面开展了大量研究并取得了重要进展[3,6,18-19,96],在此基础上, 我国开展了基于物理防控技术的草地贪夜蛾“三区三带”布防,在草地贪夜蛾“北迁南回”的线路上设置了3 条高空灯阻击带,即西南华南监测防控带、长江流域监测防控带、黄淮海阻截攻坚带,为2020 年上半年草地贪夜蛾防控阶段性胜利的取得发挥了重要作用。虽然我国在阐明草地贪夜蛾大尺度迁飞规律方面上积累了较好的经验,但草地贪夜蛾中小尺度迁飞、扩散规律的研究同样很重要。广东、广西、贵州、云南的南部和海南地区是我国草地贪夜蛾的周年繁殖区域,该区域是草地贪夜蛾入侵我国的“桥头堡”,也是重要的北迁虫源地,该区域草地贪夜蛾迁出种群的规模、频率、时间对于长江中下游玉米种植过渡带和黄淮海玉米种植区草地贪夜蛾精准防控显得尤为关键。揭示周年繁殖区内草地贪夜蛾的迁出机制,对丰富我们对草地贪夜蛾迁飞规律的认识和指导我国草地贪夜蛾的监测与防控具有重要意义。

  • 5.2 精准、广适型草地贪夜蛾性引诱剂的开发

  • 性诱技术是草地贪夜蛾监测和防控的重要手段,目前我国多数草地贪夜蛾性诱设备生产企业基本掌握了诱瓶、诱芯的生产工艺,利用缓释技术可以保障诱芯有效期2~6 个月。但是在实际应用过程中,普遍存在以下两个问题:一是诱集专一性不强,草地贪夜蛾诱集比例在30%~70%,通常除了诱集到草地贪夜蛾,还有其他夜蛾类害虫如劳氏粘虫、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾等;二是对草地贪夜蛾雄虫诱集效率高低不一,这主要是由于草地贪夜蛾信息素组成和比例因地理种群不同表现出一定的差异性[97]。为了有效提升利用信息素进行草地贪夜蛾种群监测和防控的效率,需要加强对入侵我国草地贪夜蛾不同地理种群信息素组分的鉴定和验证,阐明草地贪夜蛾不同地理种群性信息素比例变异的形成机制,揭示草地贪夜蛾雄蛾对信息素的嗅觉感受机制,为精准、广适型草地贪夜蛾性引诱剂的开发提供理论支持。

  • 5.3 草地贪夜蛾精准防控生物防治产品创制

  • 随着草地贪夜蛾从迁飞性入侵害虫转变为常规性定殖害虫,防控手段和措施需由应急防控向绿色综合防控转变,一些绿色防控措施如生物防治、物理防治等手段将发挥更加重要的作用。草地贪夜蛾定殖我国一年多来,在广东田间发现草地贪夜蛾自然寄生性天敌和昆虫病原微生物的频率越来越高, 其中寄生性天敌以夜蛾黑卵蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂为主, 昆虫病原微生物以球孢白僵菌和莱氏绿僵菌发现频率较高,并且在多个点玉米地发现自然状态下的叉角厉蝽捕食草地贪夜蛾幼虫。随着区域内草地贪夜蛾发生面积、为害程度的增加,自然控制条件下害虫天敌和病原微生物的作用也在增强,但控制效果十分有限。必须加强草地贪夜蛾生物防治产品创制, 而效率和成本是决定草地贪夜蛾生防产品能否在绿色防控中获得大面积推广应用的关键因素。因此, 一方面要积极推进室内防效好的生防产品开展田间试验验证,另一方面要解决室内大规模人工饲养、 工厂化饲养的难题,逐步实现天敌生产的自动化和智能化,降低生产成本。

  • 5.4 玉米作物上草地贪夜蛾精准用药技术

  • 草地贪夜蛾幼虫具有趋嫩习性,喜欢在玉米喇叭口内进行为害,为其化学药剂防控带来一定的困难。为了节省劳动力成本,广东很多地区都采用植保无人机进行农药喷洒,但是在利用植保无人机防治玉米作物上的草地贪夜蛾幼虫过程中普遍反映防治效果不佳,主要原因在于药剂无法直接作用到玉米喇叭口内的草地贪夜蛾幼虫。国内有一些科研单位和企业在研发便于植保无人机撒施作业的颗粒剂、具有较长药效期的种子包衣剂和药肥拌种剂、 抗虫品种等,但是目前取得的成效有限,因此,国家应该加强这方面的科研资助,促使更多简单、高效、适用的草地贪夜蛾精准用药技术获得突破。 考虑到长期采用化学防治会使草地贪夜蛾易产生抗药性,在我国的周年繁殖区,长期防控对策应更侧重于依靠绿色防控、生态调控的手段,因地制宜,构建适合不同生态区草地贪夜蛾发生特点的综合防控技术体系,为坚决打好草地贪夜蛾防控攻坚战提供科技支撑,保障国家粮食生产安全。

  • (责任编辑 杨贤智)

  • 张振飞,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师,现任广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所副所长,广东省植物保护新技术重点实验室副主任。农业农村部草地贪夜蛾等重大病虫监测防控技术指导专家组成员,广东省入侵生物监测预警创新团队粮食入侵害虫岗位专家,珠江科技新星,广东省农业科学院青年研究员。中国植物保护学会青年工作专业委员会理事,中国昆虫学会昆虫生态专业委员会理事,中国农业技术推广协会高新技术专业会委员理事,广东省生态学会理事,广东省植物保护学会常务理事,广东省农业科技特派员。 主要从事水稻品种抗虫机制、水稻-稻飞虱协同进化与分子互作、水稻害虫生态调控等方面的研究。创新性地建立了麦黄酮介导的水稻-褐飞虱互作研究体系,揭示了麦黄酮在介导褐飞虱寄主致害性变异方面发挥的重要作用, 为延缓褐飞虱寄主适应性和新抗虫品种选育提供重要科学依据;发现烟碱对控制田间稻飞虱种群自然增长发挥重要作用,阐明了烟稻轮作抑制稻飞虱种群增长的生态机理, 为农药合理减施奠定理论基础。主持和参与国家、省市级项目40 余项,发表科技论文50 余篇,授权专利12 项,其中国际专利1 项,国家发明专利5 项,获各类科技成果奖励3 项,参编专著5 部。

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