广东农业科学
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作者简介:

余苗(1985—),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为肠道微生物与生态健康养殖研究,E-mail:yumiao@gdaas.cn

通信作者:

马现永(1972—),女,博士,研究员,研究方向为生态健康养殖,E-mail:maxianyong@gdaas.cn

中图分类号:S831.5

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2020)12-0122-12

DOI:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2020.12.013

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刘巧林.黑水虻在奶牛粪便中生长对大肠杆菌ER2566的影响 [D].武汉:华中农业大学,2008.LIU Q L.Influence of Escherichia coli ER2566 by black soldier fly larvae grown in dairy manure[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2008.
目录contents

    摘要

    畜禽粪便污染和饲料资源短缺已成为当前养殖业亟需解决的两大主要问题。目前处理畜禽粪便的生物技术已不能满足我国现代农业提出的发展低碳畜牧业的要求。黑水虻作为转化畜禽粪便的有效昆虫之一, 不仅可实现畜禽粪便无害化处理和资源化利用,减轻粪便造成的环境污染,其产品黑水虻幼虫或预蛹还可作为动物蛋白饲料,虫沙可作为有机肥,可见,黑水虻具有实现低碳畜牧业的优势。综述了黑水虻在猪、鸡养殖业和牧草等种植业生产中可以及在降低畜禽粪便污染中的应用研究,以期为进一步促进以黑水虻为中介的低碳畜牧业发展。

    Abstract

    The pollution of livestock excrement and the shortage of feed resources have become two major problems that need to be solved urgently in the current breeding industry. At present, the biological processing technologies for livestock excrement can no longer meet the requirements of developing low-carbon animal husbandry advanced as the development of modern agriculture in our country. Hermetia illucens, as one of the effective insects for transformation of livestock excrement, which can not only realize the harmless treatment and resource utilization of livestock excrement, but also reduce the environmental pollution caused by the excrement. Meanwhile, the H. illucens larvae or prepupae can be used as animal protein feed, and the frass as organic fertilizer. Therefore, the H. illucens has the advantage in realizing lowcarbon animal husbandry. The application researches of H. illucens in pig and chicken breeding, forage grass planting, and reducing the pollution of livestock excrement were expounded to provide theoretical basis for the further development of lowcarbon animal husbandry mediated by H. illucens.

  • 低碳畜牧业是继现代化畜牧业发展模式之后形成的一种低碳、低能耗、低排放、生态、有机、 绿色且兼具良好社会效益、生态效益、经济效益的新型发展模式[1]。我国是畜牧业养殖大国,畜牧业作为农业和农村经济的优势产业和支柱产业,在促进我国经济发展、增加农民收入、吸纳农村剩余劳动力以及带动民营企业发展等方面发挥重要支撑作用。然而,随着畜牧养殖业生产经营规模化和集约化程度的不断提高,养殖过程中产生的畜禽粪便和饲料资源匮乏已成为目前畜禽养殖业亟需解决的两大问题,严重制约了我国畜牧业的健康可持续发展。据农业部统计,我国畜禽养殖业每年的粪便排放量超过40 亿t,综合利用率却不超过60%[2]。 可见,推进畜禽粪便无害化处理及资源化利用,对实现资源循环再利用和低碳畜牧业发展具有重要意义。应用生态学原理构建腐生生物链是发展畜牧业循环经济和减轻环境污染的重要措施,目前,科技工作者在利用腐生性昆虫的取食习性来处理畜禽粪便方面开展了大量的研究工作。黑水虻(Hermetia illucens),又名亮斑扁角水虻,是应用前景最广泛的一种腐生性昆虫。我国和欧美一些国家和地区对黑水虻在畜禽粪便无害化处理、生产动物蛋白饲料等方面开展了大量的研究与探索。本文分析了黑水虻在实现低碳畜牧业中的优势,并就当前黑水虻在畜禽生产中的应用等方面进行综述,以期为进一步发展以黑水虻为中介的低碳畜牧业提供理论依据。

  • 1 黑水虻的生物学特性及其在实现低碳畜牧业中的优势

  • 黑水虻的整个生长周期为35 d左右,分为卵期、幼虫期、蛹期和成虫期4 个阶段。受季节、 地区和温度的影响,黑水虻虫卵孵化一般为4~14 d,且其适宜的孵化温度和湿度分别为25~33℃和60%~80%。黑水虻幼虫期为15 d左右,分为6 个龄期,适宜的生长温度为25~30℃,温度过低时则进入静止期停止生长。1 龄期幼虫几乎不进食,从2 龄期开始幼虫大量取食腐生性物质,6 龄期幼虫称为预蛹,此期间停止取食,准备化蛹。黑水虻蛹期约为9~10 d,适宜的生长温度为25~28℃,湿度为90%左右;之后进入成虫期,成虫适宜的生长和繁殖温度不能低于26℃[3]。黑水虻具有繁殖快、生物量大、抗逆性强、转化效率高、虫体资源含量高、易于饲养、不传播疾病等特点,同时还具有对人类生存环境完全无害、 不携带病菌、不入侵人类居住环境、对农作物等不构成危害且可有效阻止家蝇生长繁殖等优点[4]。 黑水虻幼虫是一种腐生性水虻科昆虫,可通过摄食畜禽粪便、餐厨垃圾和腐烂的有机物(如腐肉、烂果蔬)等废弃物,将其转化为高附加值的水虻虫体蛋白,虫粪可作为有机肥回归农田,该利用方式符合资源化、减量化、无害化和生态化的污染治理原则[5]。由此可见,黑水虻昆虫具备实现低碳畜牧业发展的众多优势。

  • 2 黑水虻作为畜禽饲料的应用

  • 2.1 营养价值

  • 黑水虻幼虫和预蛹的营养价值较高,其粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量较高,微量元素铜、铁、锌等含量丰富,纤维含量低。一般情况下,黑水虻的营养成分受饲养基质、加工处理方式、发育阶段等的影响较大,经测定,其幼虫或预蛹阶段的干物质中含粗蛋白质35%~44%、粗脂肪15%~49%、灰分3.1%~19.7%[6-8]。黑水虻幼虫富含畜禽生长所必需的氨基酸,大部分必需氨基酸含量占15%~30%, 且氨基酸组成相对均衡,与豆粕相近,但略低于鱼粉,除含硫氨基酸含量较低外,黑水虻幼虫的谷氨酸、精氨酸、支链氨基酸、谷氨酰胺等功能性氨基酸的含量较高,不仅可维持和促进动物的正常生长,还可参与多种生物活性物质的合成[7]。黑水虻幼虫体内的脂肪酸主要以饱和脂肪酸为主, 含量高达30%~83%,其中以月桂酸和棕榈酸含量最高[7, 9]。此外,黑水虻幼虫还含有一些特殊的功能性成分,如抗菌肽和几丁质等,对于调控宿主免疫功能和维持机体健康具有重要作用。在成本上,据市场调研,2019年我国昆虫蛋白饲料的售价约8000~10000元/t,鱼粉进口价为10300~12800元/t,豆粕价格为2700~3000元/t。可见,黑水虻替代鱼粉具有一定经济效益。此外,张放等[10]在育肥猪上研究发现,虽然添加黑水虻幼虫粉组的日粮成本高于玉米豆粕型基础日粮组,但增重成本比对照组低5%。笔者所在研究团前期在育肥猪上的研究也发现,日粮中添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉组的增重成本比基础日粮组低0.132元/kg(未发表数据)。由此可见,与豆粕和鱼粉等传统的蛋白饲料相比,黑水虻昆虫蛋白具有高效和可持续获得的特点,将其应用于畜禽养殖业中,可减少畜禽动物对豆粕、鱼粉等原料的消耗和降低养殖成本,从而改善当前养殖业蛋白质饲料资源短缺的现状。

  • 2.2 黑水虻在猪生产中的应用

  • 2.2.1 对猪生长性能的影响

  • 早在20 世纪70 年代就有学者将黑水虻幼虫粉替代部分豆粕应用到猪饲料中,发展至今已有不少学者将其应用于替代猪饲料中的鱼粉、血浆蛋白粉、豆粕等蛋白质原料。研究发现,用全脂黑水虻预蛹替代50%的血浆蛋白粉可增加早期断奶仔猪第一阶段的平均日增重4%,饲料转化率增加9%,而100%替代组的生长性能则降低了3%~13%[11]。笔者所在研究团队也发现, 用全脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代50%的鱼粉可增加断奶仔猪第一阶段的平均日增重和饲料转化率,而对替代25%和100%鱼粉组的生长性能无显著影响[12]。 我们在育肥猪上的研究也发现,日粮中添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉替代部分豆粕显著增加了平均日增重和饲料转化率,对平均日采食量无显著影响,而添加8%黑水虻幼虫粉对育肥猪的生长性能略有负面影响[7]。黑水虻对不同生长阶段猪的生长性能的影响具体见表1。由此可见,由于黑水虻虫体成分存在差异,而且添加比例、动物所处生长阶段以及替代日粮中蛋白质饲料种类等的不同,黑水虻对猪的生长性能也有不同影响,其添加量在4%以下为宜。

  • 表1 黑水虻对猪生长性能的影响

  • Table1 Effects of Hermetia illucens on growth performance of pigs

  • 2.2.2 对猪其他生理功能的影响

  • 日粮中添加黑水虻昆虫蛋白还可影响猪的其他生理功能。笔者所在研究团队前期在断奶仔猪上研究发现,添加2%黑水虻幼虫粉可增加血液中总蛋白、球蛋白、IL-10 和IgA的浓度,同时增加了空肠绒毛高度,而血液中尿素氮、甘油三酯和IFNγ 的浓度下降;添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉显著降低了粗蛋白和粗脂肪的消化率以及血液中尿素氮的浓度,而血液中球蛋白和IgA的浓度增加[12]。张放等[10]报道,育肥猪日粮中添加2.5%猪粪饲养的黑水虻干燥虫粉可降低灰分的消化率,并降低了育肥猪的腹泻率。添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉可增加育肥猪对有机物的消化率,增加血液中总蛋白、白蛋白、葡萄糖以及部分必需氨基酸的浓度,而降低了血液中尿素氮的浓度[8]。表明在猪日粮中添加一定比例的黑水虻幼虫粉可改善猪的蛋白质、糖和脂代谢能力,同时维系机体的免疫平衡。 栖息在宿主肠道中的微生物在机体代谢和维系肠道健康等方面发挥重要作用,而日粮是影响其组成的主要因素。黑水虻昆虫含有丰富的抗菌肽和几丁质等物质,对宿主肠道微生态和免疫稳态具有重要的调控作用。在断奶仔猪上, 笔者所在研究团队前期研究发现,日粮中添加2%黑水虻幼虫粉替代部分鱼粉,显著改变了仔猪回肠和盲肠食糜中微生物的组成和代谢,如增加有益微生物Lactobacillus、Bifidobacterium、 Ruminococcus、Closstridium cluster IV的数量以及乳酸、乙酸、丁酸等短链脂肪酸的浓度,而降低了潜在致病菌Escherichia coli的数量以及支链脂肪酸、甲胺、腐胺、酪胺、总生物胺、苯酚、对甲酚、粪臭素等含氮化合物代谢产物的浓度;此外,仔猪肠黏膜免疫稳态也发生改变,日粮添加2%黑水虻幼虫粉上调了回肠黏膜中屏障功能相关基因(ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-2、Muc-1)、 发育相关因子(IGF-1、GLP-2和EGF)和抗炎因子IL-10的mRNA表达水平,而下调了TLR4– MyD88–NF-κB信号通路和促炎因子TNF-α的mRNA表达水平[19]。在育肥猪上,本团队前期研究也发现,添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉替代日粮中部分豆粕,同样通过改变结肠和盲肠食糜中的微生物组成和代谢,如增加Lactobacillus和一些产短链脂肪酸菌(Psedobutyrivibrio、Roseburia、 Faecalibacterium、Clostridium cluster XIVa)的丰度和数量以及碳水化合物代谢产物的浓度,降低潜在致病菌Streptococcus的丰度和E.coli的数量以及含氮化合物代谢产物的浓度,改善了育肥猪肠道微生态平衡,进而维系肠黏膜的免疫稳态[20-21]。在肉质方面,Altmann等[22]在猪的25~50 kg、51~75 kg和75 kg生长阶段,用黑水虻虫粉分别替代日粮中50%、75%和100%的豆粕,发现黑水虻虫粉的添加对肉品质和感官指标参数无显著影响,但提高了猪肉的多汁性以及背部脂肪多不饱和脂肪酸的含量。 笔者研究团队前期发现日粮中添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉可显著增加育肥猪背最长肌中的眼肌面积、大理石纹评分、肌苷酸和肌间脂肪含量,提高肌肉的多汁性和口感,同时这些变化可能是通过黑水虻幼虫粉上调背肌中脂肪生成和改变肌纤维类型相关基因的表达而实现的[7]。上述研究结果均表明,添加一定比例的黑水虻昆虫粉在生猪养殖过程中取得了比较理想的效果,但其应用还相对有限,未来的研究可加大其在生猪养殖过程中的应用,以此来解决传统蛋白质饲料资源短缺的问题,还可以很好地解决畜禽粪便带来的环境污染问题,对实现低碳畜牧业的发展具有重要的促进作用。

  • 2.3 黑水虻在鸡生产中的应用

  • 2.3.1 对鸡生长性能的影响

  • 目前,黑水虻昆虫在鸡生产中应用相对较多。Dabbou等[23]报道,在整个生长周期内,给肉鸡添加不同比例的部分脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉(0%、5%、10%和15%)替代日粮中部分豆粕和玉米蛋白粉,结果显示,平均日增重在试验前期(第1~10 天)和生长期(第11~24 天) 呈线性和二次项增加,且添加量在10%时效果最佳, 与对照组相比分别提高了8.79%和2.76%,但在生长后期阶段(第25~35 天)平均日增重呈线性降低。Onsongo等[24]给肉鸡饲喂含有0%、5%、10%和15%的全脂黑水虻预蛹日粮49 d后发现,10%组的平均日增重显著低于5%组,而与其他各组无显著差异,同时日粮中添加不同比例黑水虻预蛹对平均日采食量和饲料转化率均无显著影响。Velten等[25]在肉鸡日粮中添加14.54%黑水虻幼虫粉替代50%豆粕,显著降低了肉鸡的末重、平均日增重和采食量,增加料重比,而黑水虻幼虫粉添加合成氨基酸组则显著增加肉鸡的末重、平均日增重, 降低料重比。另有研究发现,用黑水虻幼虫提取的油脂替代肉鸡日粮中不同比例(0%、25%、50%、 75%和100%)的大豆油,除呈线性降低第1~14 天的平均日采食量外,不同比例的黑水虻油脂对其他各生长阶段肉鸡的平均日增重、平均日采食量和饲料转化率均无显著影响[26]。刘学林[27]将黑水虻幼虫添加在肉仔鸡日粮中7 周后发现,添加10%和12%黑水虻幼虫粉均提高了肉鸡的平均日增重, 而对平均日采食量和料重比无显著影响。黑水虻对不同生长阶段肉鸡生长性能的影响研究见表2。由此可见,由于黑水虻虫体成分差异,以及添加比例、 类型和肉鸡所处的生长阶段、品种等的不同,其对肉鸡的生长性能影响也不尽相同。但总体而言,以幼虫粉形式添加,添加比例不宜超过10%,以油脂形式添加则不宜超过5.00%。 黑水虻对蛋鸡生产性能既有积极作用也有负面影响(表3)。在24~45 周龄期间,Marono等[36] 用黑水虻幼虫粉完全替代产蛋鸡日粮中的豆粕,显著降低了蛋鸡的最终活体重、平均日增重、产蛋率、 平均日采食量、蛋重和料蛋比。Star等[37]将活的黑水虻幼虫用于蛋鸡日粮中替代全部豆粕,显著降低了蛋鸡的平均日采食量,但对产蛋率、蛋重、日产蛋总重和料蛋比均无显著影响。Mwaniki等[38]在19~27 周龄的蛋鸡日粮中添加5%和7.5%黑水虻幼虫粉替代部分豆粕,结果显示产蛋率和日产蛋总重呈线性和二次项降低,且5.0%添加组最低,采食量呈线性和二次项增加,7.5%添加组最高,料蛋比呈线性增加,且7.5%添加组最高。给处于产蛋后期的蛋鸡日粮中添加不同水平的黑水虻幼虫粉(0%、 1%、2%和3%),发现2%和3%添加组的产蛋率显著高于对照组,而料蛋比显著低于对照组,同时3%添加组的破软蛋率也显著低于对照组[39]。由此可见,由于黑水虻昆虫的来源、添加形式、添加比例以及鸡的品种和所处生长阶段等的不同,对蛋鸡的生产性能影响也不尽相同,其替代或添加的比例仍需开展大量的动物生产试验进行验证。

  • 表2 黑水虻对肉鸡生长性能的影响

  • Table2 Effects of Hermetia illucens on growth performance of broilers

  • 表3 黑水虻对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

  • Table3 Effects of Hermetia illucens on production performance of laying hens

  • 2.3.2 对鸡肉品质和蛋品质的影响

  • 畜产品质量和安全问题事关消费者的身体健康,同时影响农业产业结构的调整。评价黑水虻在动物上应用的可行性, 势必考虑其对畜产品的质量和安全是否有影响。目前,科研工作者在黑水虻对鸡的肉品质和蛋品质影响方面也开展了大量研究(表4)。在肉质研究方面,Popova等[44]添加5%部分脱脂或全脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代肉鸡日粮中的部分豆粕,结果降低了胸肌和腿肌的pH24h、肉的亮度和肌红蛋白浓度,同时改变了胸肌和腿肌中脂肪酸的组成,增加了月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸等饱和脂肪酸的比例,而降低了亚油酸、n-6 PUFA、PUFA的比例和n-6/n-3 PUFA的比值。另有研究发现,在肉鸡的整个生长阶段添加不同比例(5%、10%和15%)的部分脱脂黑水虻幼虫替代豆粕,结果显示,胸肌的红度和蛋白含量呈线性增加,黄度和含水率呈线性降低;同时,胸肌中的脂肪组成也发生变化,月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、 十五碳酸甘油三酯、棕榈酸、肉豆蔻烯酸、棕榈油酸、 二十碳烯酸的比例呈线性增加,而硬脂酸、二十四碳酸、亚油酸甘油三酯、花生四烯酸甲酯、DPA、 DHA、n-3 PUFA、n-6 PUFA和PUFA的比例呈线性降低;此外,胸肌中各重金属的残留量均在规定的检测范围内[45]。Schiavone等[35]研究发现,用黑水虻幼虫油脂分别替代肉鸡日粮中50%和100%的豆油对肉鸡的屠宰性能指标、肉品质以及胸肌中常规营养指标无显著影响,但改变了胸肌中脂肪酸的组成,增加了月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、软脂酸等饱和脂肪酸的比例,降低了亚油酸、亚麻酸以及n-6 和n-3 PUFA的比例。 在蛋品质研究方面,在9~12 月龄的蛋鸡日粮中添加5%黑水虻幼虫粉完全替代鱼粉,结果降低了蛋黄的颜色、蛋壳厚度和重量,但增加了鸡蛋的感官评价[41]。Secci等[46] 在蛋鸡日粮中添加17.00%黑水虻幼虫粉替代全部的豆粕,鸡蛋的胆固醇含量以及蛋黄中棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、MUFA和DPA的比例显著降低,而蛋黄的红度、γ-生育酚、 叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素浓度以及蛋黄中肉豆蔻酸、 硬脂酸和n-6 PUFA的比例显著增加。用部分脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代28~43 周龄蛋鸡日粮中66.67%和100%的豆粕,蛋黄颜色和蛋壳强度呈线性增加, 而哈氏单位和蛋壳厚度无变化[43]。另有研究发现, 在蛋鸡日粮中添加黑水虻幼虫粉或活的黑水虻幼虫替代部分豆粕,对蛋黄颜色、蛋壳强度和硬度以及哈氏单位等蛋品质指标无显著影响[37, 39]。可见, 日粮中添加不同比例、不同形式和来源的黑水虻以及鸡的品种和生长阶段不同,均对鸡的肉品质和蛋品质影响不同,但总体而言,黑水虻幼虫作为鸡日粮中的蛋白质原料是可行的,对肉和蛋产品质量和安全无不良影响。

  • 表4 黑水虻对鸡肉品质和蛋品质的影响

  • Table4 Effects of Hermetia illucens on meat and egg quality of broilers and laying hens

  • 2.3.3 对鸡其他生理功能的影响

  • 日粮中添加黑水虻还可影响鸡的其他生理功能。Mohammed等[29] 在肉鸡日粮中添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉替代33.33%鱼粉对其肝脏、脾脏、心脏等器官指数无影响,但增加了血液中红细胞比容、血红蛋白和红细胞的水平。在肉鸡的整个生长过程中,添加不同比例(5%、 10%和15%)的脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代日粮中部分豆粕线性增加血清中磷的含量以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性,线性降低了小肠绒毛高度以及绒毛高度和隐窝深度的比值,线性增加了隐窝深度,但对各组织病理学评分无影响[40]。Mwaniki等[43] 在28~43 周龄蛋鸡日粮中分别添加10%和15%脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代豆粕,结果显示,盲肠的相对重量呈线性和二次项降低,中性洗涤纤维、表观代谢能的消化率呈线性和二次项增加。用7.5%和14.6%的黑水虻幼虫粉分别替代蛋鸡日粮中25%和50%的豆粕,显著降低了十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度以及绒毛高度和隐窝深度的比值,添加量为7.5%时提高了蛋鸡回肠的绒毛高度,而小肠黏膜消化酶活性,如麦芽糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶的活性呈线性降低[51]。另有研究发现,添加黑水虻油脂替代日粮中的豆油对鸡的血液生化指标、 器官重、器官组织病理学评分和小肠形态结构均无负面影响[45]。此外,夏嫱等[52]给绿壳蛋鸡每千克日粮中添加15、30 g 5 日龄黑水虻鲜虫,促进了胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊的发育,增加血清中IgG和IgM的含量以及T-AOC、T-SOD和GSH-Px的活力, 表明适当饲喂黑水虻幼虫有助于提高蛋鸡的免疫力和抗氧化能力。 日粮中添加黑水虻还可影响鸡的肠道微生物菌群结构和代谢活性。Józefiak等[30]给肉鸡添加0.2%黑水虻幼虫粉可显著增加肌胃、盲肠食糜中Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale cluster的数量和Lactobacillus spp./Enterococcus spp.的比值, 同时增加盲肠食糜中Bacteroides-Prevotella cluster的数量。Borrelli等[53]报道,24~45 周龄蛋鸡日粮中用黑水虻幼虫粉替代全部豆粕可增加Bacteroides plebeius、Elusimicrobium minutum、Alkaliphilus、Christensenella minuta、Vallitalea guaymasensis和Flavonifractor plautii的相对丰度, 降低Bacteroides salanitronis、Parabacteroides merdae和Succinatimonas hippei的相对丰度,同时增加了乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸以及总短链脂肪酸的浓度,表明黑水虻幼虫粉的添加不仅改变了盲肠微生物的组成,还改变了其代谢活性。 Moniello等[51]发现,日粮中添加14.6%黑水虻幼虫粉改变了蛋鸡盲肠食糜微生物的代谢活性,显著增加了食糜中乙酸、丁酸和总短链脂肪酸的浓度, 而降低了戊酸含量。总体而言,上述研究结果表明黑水虻昆虫粉在肉鸡和蛋鸡养殖过程中取得了比较理想的效果,可有效提高机体的抗氧化能力和维系机体肠道微生态稳态,但其应用还相对有限,今后可加大其在家禽养殖业中的应用力度,促进低碳畜牧业的良性循环发展。

  • 3 黑水虻在低碳畜牧业中的其他应用

  • 3.1 在降低畜禽粪便污染中的应用

  • 黑水虻主要以有机废弃物为食,将其用来处理畜禽粪便,具有转化效率高,有效降低粪便积累和污染的优势[54]。研究表明,黑水虻幼虫通过摄食粪便,两周内可将猪粪堆积减少56%;同时,经处理的猪粪残渣中氮、磷、钾含量分别降低了55.1%、44.1%和52.5%[55];而无害化处理牛粪后, 氮含量减少30%~50%, 磷含量减少61%~70%[56]。黑水虻对粪便中的矿物元素,如铜、 锌、锰、铬、镉等重金属也有不同程度的降解吸附作用,可有效减少重金属对土壤环境的污染[57]。 经黑水虻幼虫处理后的畜禽粪便中的臭味物质明显减少,进而降低了畜禽粪便异味对空气、土壤和水质的污染,提升了畜牧养殖场周围的环境质量。 此外,黑水虻还可有效抑制家蝇的滋生,降低传染病的传播率,进而保障畜禽动物和人类自身的身体健康。研究发现,黑水虻幼虫可产生对家蝇具有趋避作用的信息素,使得家蝇幼虫在黑水虻幼虫摄食过的粪便中不宜生长,成活数量降低,同时对家蝇成虫产卵也有抑制作用[58]。据报道,在夏季黑水虻大量生长繁殖的季节,鸡粪经黑水虻处理后, 可100%抑制家蝇的生长,对小家蝇的生长抑制率达到99.90%[59]。畜禽粪便中含有大量的寄生虫虫卵和致病性微生物,如不及时处理易滋生蚊虫,不利于疾病防控。大量研究发现,利用黑水虻幼虫处理畜禽粪便可有效抑制粪便中有害微生物的活性, 进而降低其对养殖周围环境的破坏。用10~11 日龄的黑水虻幼虫处理鸡粪后,鸡粪中的Escherichia coli O157:H7 和Salmonella的数量减少了2000 倍以上[60]。Liu等[61]发现,将带有绿色荧光蛋白标记的E.coli ER2566 接种到奶牛粪便中,黑水虻幼虫处理粪便3 d后,明显抑制了E.coli ER2566 的生长。 由此可见,利用畜禽粪便饲养黑水虻昆虫,可起到抑制家蝇和有害微生物生长的作用,改善畜禽生产周围环境,对实现低碳畜牧业的发展具有重要意义。

  • 3.2 在牧草等种植业生产中的应用

  • 黑水虻转化畜禽粪便还可获得大量的虫沙。昆虫虫沙中含有大量抗植物病害的活性物质,可抗多种植物病害。此外,黑水虻虫沙具有较高的肥效,有机质含量高达76.5%,而N、P、K的含量分别为1.84%、2.15%和0.83%,且未检出硝态氮。将虫沙制作为优质的有机肥应用于牧草、果蔬种植业中可提高土壤的生物多样性和活性,优化土壤生物的生长环境,在农作物的生长期及时供应其所需的营养成分,促进农作物的生长发育和代谢过程,进而生产出优质的有机农产品[62]。将黑水虻转化处理餐厨垃圾后产生的虫沙用于种植大白菜,发现大白菜的营养成分和生长速度与商品有机肥种植的一致[63]。刘巧林[64]将黑水虻处理奶牛粪便的残渣作为种植多花黑麦草和小麦的盆栽基质,发现黑水虻转化后的虫沙完全可以替代商业盆栽土壤,作物出芽率、生物量和营养价值(蛋白质含量)均显著提高。Newton等[11]用黑水虻处理猪粪后的虫沙种植苏丹草,发现添加5%和20%虫沙的苏丹草长势较好。由此可见,给牧草等植物施用黑水虻虫沙可提高其产量和品质,表明黑水虻虫沙可作为有机肥应用于牧草等种植业中。

  • 4 展望

  • 高效养殖业造成的畜禽粪便污染和饲料资源匮乏已成为当前亟需解决的两大主要问题。畜禽粪便中含有大量未被消化吸收的有机物、矿物元素及添加剂等物质,如得不到及时有效的处理,极易造成严重的环境污染和资源浪费。我国自20 世纪80 年代开始就针对集约化畜禽养殖场的粪便污染采取了一系列综合治理措施,如生物堆肥技术、沼气发酵技术和饲料转化技术等,但仍存在技术方案投资成本高、经济效益低等问题,在实际推广应用过程中受到一定限制,使得低碳畜牧业循环经济发展缓慢。 利用黑水虻的腐生取食习性处理畜禽粪便,不仅可转化回收利用畜禽粪便中的营养物质,有效降低畜禽粪便对环境的污染,改善畜禽生产周围环境, 收获的黑水虻幼虫和预蛹个体较大,蛋白质和脂肪等营养成分含量高且组成全面,将其加工成动物蛋白饲料应用于畜禽养殖业中,不但可提高猪、鸡等畜禽的免疫能力和产品质量,还可降低畜禽的发病率。此外,剩余的黑水虻虫沙可作为有机肥回归农田,可改善土壤结构,优化农作物的生长环境并提高其产量和质量。 结合各地的发展情况和黑水虻的生活习性,建立并完善由畜禽养殖系统、黑水虻畜禽粪便转化系统、黑水虻幼虫相关产品开发与利用系统三部分组成的生态循环模式,发展以黑水虻为中介的低碳畜禽养殖,是解决当前畜禽养殖所造成的环境污染、 饲料资源短缺等影响畜牧业可持续发展难题的有效途径,不仅可提高畜禽养殖粪便无害化处理及资源化利用率,还可改善养殖场周边的生态环境,对实现低碳畜牧业的健康和可持续发展具有重要意义。

  • (责任编辑 崔建勋)

  • 马现永,博士,研究员,硕士生导师,Tufts大学美国农业部营养研究中心访问学者,广东省农业科学院博士后工作站博士后导师,广东省现代农业产业技术体系饲料岗位专家,广东省农业科学院“十四五”新兴学科团队学术带头人,获2017 年省直“巾帼文明岗”、广东省农业科学院“金颖之光”“金颖创新女杰”人才称号。现任广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所副所长,兼任广东省畜禽肉品质量安全控制及评定工程技术研究中心主任、广东生态养殖产业技术创新联盟学委会主任、广东省畜牧兽医学会副秘书长, 受聘农业农村部饲料质量安全监管专家、中华农业科技奖评审专家、广东省重大行政决策咨询论证专家、广东省财政厅专家库专家、广东省综合评标专家库专家、广东省科技厅和农业农村厅项目评审专家。 主要从事动物营养与饲料科学、生态健康养殖与环境控制方面的研究,先后承担或参加国家“973”计划、“十三五” 国家重点研发专项、省基金重点项目等重大项目40 多项; 获省部级科技奖励6 项,研发的技术入选为广州市农业主推技术;发表科技论文120 多篇,参编论著3 部,译著1 部,担任Frontiers in Microbiology、Frontiers in Nutrition、 Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition、Journal of Animal Sciences、Animal Nutrition、Natural Science、《动物营养学报》等杂志审稿专家。申请(授权)发明专利12 项, 软件著作权22 项,受邀参加国际学术会议并作国际学术报告9 次、国内学术会议20 多次。

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