广东农业科学
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作者简介:

张昆丽(1988—),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为细菌免疫学研究,E-mail:zkl06001@163.com

通信作者:

李春玲(1965—),女,博士,研究员,研究方向为动物病原致病机制与防控技术,E-mail:lclclare@163.com

中图分类号:S855.1+2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2020)12-0166-09

DOI:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2020.12.017

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目录contents

    摘要

    副猪嗜血杆菌病是由副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis, HPS)感染引起的猪多发性纤维素性浆膜炎、肺炎、关节炎、脑膜炎等全身性炎症。HPS 属于非运动、多形态、有荚膜的革兰氏阴性小杆菌,是猪上呼吸道的条件致病菌。该菌血清型众多,各菌株间毒力差距较大,毒力菌株能感染任何日龄的猪,引起副猪嗜血杆菌病。近年来该病在我国广泛流行,且与多种病毒与细菌混合感染严重,导致猪群发病率和死亡率上升, 给我国造成巨大的经济损失,严重影响我国生猪产业的健康发展。介绍了 HPS 的病原学特性、流行病学、致病机制与毒力因子,综述了副猪嗜血杆菌病的实验室诊断方法、灭活疫苗、亚单位疫苗和菌影疫苗的研究进展, 以期为该病的防控提供参考。

    Abstract

    Haemophilus parasuis(HPS)disease is a systemic inflammation caused by HPS infection in pigs, such as polyserositis, pneumonia, arthritis and meningitis. HPS is a Gram-negative, non-motile, pleomorphic rod-shaped and capsule bacterium, which is a conditional pathogenic bacterium in the upper respiratory tract of pigs. There are many serum types of HPS, and the virulence of each strain varies greatly. The virulence strains can infect any day-old pig and cause HPS disease. In recent years, HPS has been widely prevalent in China, and co-infection with a variety of viruses and bacteria is common. HPS infection has caused high morbidity and mortality of pigs and resulted in huge economic losses, which seriously affected the healthy development of pig industry in China. The etiologic characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanism and virulence factors of HPS were introduced, and the research progress in HPS laboratory diagnosis and development of vaccines such as inactivated vaccine, subunit vaccine and vaccine of bacterial ghost were summarized in order to provide references .

  • 副猪嗜血杆菌病又称格拉泽氏病(Glässer's disease), 是由副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis, HPS)引起的猪全身性炎症反应,主要表现为急性渗出性纤维素炎、多发性纤维素性浆膜炎、关节炎和脑膜炎等。Glässer于1910 年首次发现猪浆液性纤维素性胸膜炎、心包炎和脑膜炎的病料中存在一种革兰氏阴性菌,但由于该菌在外界死亡速度较快,对培养和保存条件要求苛刻,很大程度上阻碍了人们对该病的研究,直到1922 年Schermer和Ehrlich首次从病料中分离到该菌。该菌由于生长过程中需要V因子和X因子,1931 年被命名为猪副流感(Haemophilus infl uenza suis), 1943 年Hjärre和Wramby又将其命名为猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus suis),之后证明该菌生长仅需V因子,最终更名为副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis)。2020 年,经过详细的系统发育分析, 副猪嗜血杆菌被重新命名为Glaesserella parasuis, 但该命名尚未在国际上统一使用[1]。 副猪嗜血杆菌病在全球范围内广泛流行,欧洲、 大洋洲以及美国、加拿大、日本等国均有报道,在我国不同地区也普遍流行。2020 年Ni等[2]综合分析了PubMed、中国知网等5 个国内外数据库中关于HPS血清流行病学及病原流行病学的数据,结果显示,2005—2019 年,HPS在我国猪群中的综合平均阳性率约27.8%,其中血清流行病学阳性率为29.8%,病原流行病学阳性率为12.5%;2011— 2015 年综合平均阳性率高达41.0%;该病全年发病, 秋冬季节阳性率为35.4%,春夏季节约21.8%,且全年龄段的猪均易感。可见,在我国猪群中HPS感染较为常见。副猪嗜血杆菌病的发生通常与动物应激密切相关,多呈散发,随着生产模式的转变和免疫抑制病毒的出现,HPS常与猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、圆环病毒、伪狂犬病毒、链球菌、大肠杆菌等混合感染,加上长期滥用抗生素,使HPS的耐药性严重,导致该病成为当前生猪养殖过程中常见、多发且危害严重的猪呼吸系统重要传染性疾病之一[3-4]。抗生素是过去治疗和预防HPS感染最常见的手段,但由于抗生素的耐药性对公共卫生安全具有重大的隐患,减少抗生素使用已成为全球共识。自2020 年7 月1 日起,我国开始全面执行在饲料中禁止添加抗生素、在养殖过程中减少抗生素使用的政策,替代抗生素的防控策略将成为副猪嗜血杆菌病防控的主要方案。本文总结了国内外关于HPS的致病机制、诊断方法和疫苗的研究进展,以期为副猪嗜血杆菌病的防控提供参考。

  • 1 副猪嗜血杆菌的致病机理研究

  • 1.1 血清型

  • HPS是一种烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD)依赖的非运动、多形态、 有荚膜的革兰氏阴性小杆菌,为猪的上呼吸道常驻菌,一般在仔猪出生2 d后就能在鼻腔中检测到。 该菌血清型众多,且各菌株间毒力差距较大,非毒力菌株是仔猪鼻腔中正常微生物菌群的一部分,毒力菌株则是引起副猪嗜血杆菌病的主要病原。HPS呈地方性流行,不同地区、国家的流行毒株不尽相同。研究发现,HPS至少有15 个血清型,且部分分离株的血清型仍不确定,其中血清4 型、5 型是目前全球流行最广泛的菌株。2007—2015 年间, 我国南方以4 型(25.17%)、5 型(23.15%)、12 型(20.47%)和13 型(6.04%)为主要流行血清型[5]; 2014—2017 年,5 型(26.6%)、4 型(22.4%)、 7 型(9.1%)、13 型(6.3%)、12 型(5.6%) 和不能分型的HPS菌株(8.4%)为我国的优势流行血清型[6];广东地区的HPS也以4 型、5 型和12 型为主要流行血清型[7]。HPS菌株血清型还与毒力相关,其中血清1 型、5 型、10 型、12 型、13 型、 14 型为强毒力菌株,血清2 型、4 型、8 型、15 型为中等毒力菌株,3 型、6 型、7 型、9 型和11 型为无毒力型菌株[8]

  • 1.2 致病机制与毒力因子

  • 细菌的致病机制主要包括病原菌对宿主粘附、 入侵,逃避宿主的免疫防御体系,细菌在体内繁殖和对组织损伤等多种方式。HPS通过附着在黏液层和下层上皮细胞而定植在粘膜上。毒力菌株和无毒力菌株均可在上呼吸道定植,一旦进入气管及下呼吸道,毒力菌株就表现出更高的定植能力。毒力菌株的成功定植与其逃避宿主免疫球蛋白IgA的杀伤作用相关。IgA是宿主粘膜防御功能中一道重要防线,通过结合病原菌,捕获病原及其产物,阻断粘附素和细胞受体的相互作用而抑制病原菌的定植。研究表明,一些HPS菌株可以切割猪源IgA, 这些菌株可能通过IgA蛋白酶的作用克服宿主粘膜的防御机制,从而向各组织侵入,但目前尚未发现与HPS编码IgA蛋白酶相关的基因[9]。此外, HPS在引起肺炎感染时,与生物被膜形成相关的基因siaB、htrA、fumC、gcpE和acrR表达上调[10], 表明HPS在粘膜表面的定植能力与体外生物被膜的形成相关。肺部的天然免疫系统是控制呼吸道病原感染最重要的防线,逃避宿主肺组织的天然免疫反应是HPS导致全身感染的另一关键因素。研究发现,与非毒力菌株相比,在感染早期,毒力菌株能够逃避肺泡巨噬细胞的吞噬,其中HPS三聚体自转运蛋白家族中的VtaA8、VtaA9 及生物被膜形成在这过程中具有重要作用[11-12]。致病性HPS进入血液能够逃避抗体依赖补体介导的杀伤作用,在血液中存活且随着血液流动导致全身性感染。引起猪全身性感染的HPS分离株普遍具有血清抗性,而从健康猪鼻腔分离的菌株则对血清的杀菌效应十分敏感, 表明HPS菌株的血清抗性是其致病的重要特性之一。目前发现HPS外膜蛋白OmpP 2、脂寡糖庚糖转移酶(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)、调节LOS末端唾液酸化的 α-2'3' 唾液酸转移酶(lsgB)、UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(GalU)、UDP-葡萄糖-4 表异构酶(GalE)、 多糖合成蛋白(CapD),以及细胞致死膨胀毒素(CDTs)等表面结构与血清抗性相关[13-17]。 炎症反应和细胞因子的产生是病原微生物感染后进一步介导宿主损伤的关键环节。HPS感染诱导新生仔猪气管细胞(NPTR)、猪脑微血管内皮细胞(PBMEC)、PK-15 细胞产生IL-6、IL-8 等细胞因子,6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(6PGD)、脂寡糖(LOS)等毒力因子在此过程中发挥重要作用[18]。进一步研究发现,HPS通过MyD88 依赖途径和TRIF依赖途径激活PK-15 细胞的NF-κB、 p38 和JNK MAPK信号通路,诱导IL-8、CCL4 及RANTES表达[19-21]。 此外,HPS感染PK-15 和NPTR细胞,激活与细胞膜移动性和粘附性相关的Wnt/β-catenin信号通路, 且HPS感染后导致细胞膜上E-cadherin表达下调, 并使 β-catenin和E-cadherin的相互作用减弱,破坏细胞的黏附连接[22]。此外,HPS感染气管上皮细胞后,通过诱导Caspase3 依赖的细胞调亡,促进气管粘膜的破坏。 在病原微生物感染过程中,病原微生物与机体免疫反应的相互博弈推动疾病的发展与转归。 综上,HPS主要通过降解粘膜表面的IgA、抵抗巨噬细胞吞噬和血清中补体介导的杀菌作用来逃避天然免疫,在宿主中持续存在,进而引发广泛的炎症反应,这可能是导致副猪嗜血杆菌病的重要原因。但关于HPS如何突破血脑屏障导致脑膜炎, 如何进入血液循环系统形成菌血症,以及HPS感染导致全身性浆膜炎、纤维素炎等的具体分子机制仍不清楚。

  • 2 副猪嗜血杆菌的实验室诊断研究

  • 对病原微生物准确、高效地诊断是防控细菌性疫病的关键措施之一。病原诊断包括临床诊断、病理剖检和实验室诊断。HPS感染的临床症状通常并非特异性的,如发热、咳嗽、腹部呼吸、关节肿胀和跛行,以及侧压、蹬车和震颤等中枢神经系统损伤的症状。剖检急性死亡的仔猪可见特有的纤维性多浆膜炎,偶尔还会出现脓性卡他性肺炎,慢性感染则表现出生长减缓和纤维性多浆膜炎病变。但由于目前猪病混合感染严重,通过临床症状和病理剖检很难对疾病进行诊断,而要弄清病原乃至病原的血清型必须依靠实验室诊断。常用实验诊断方法包括细菌分离鉴定、血清学诊断和分子生物学检测等。

  • 2.1 细菌分离鉴定

  • 细菌分离鉴定是HPS诊断的金标准。利用金色葡萄球菌给HPS生长提供NAD的原理,用接种金色葡萄球菌的TSA/PPLO培养基进行HPS分离培养,HPS在金色葡萄球菌周围生长呈“卫星现象”; 巧克力琼脂平板、添加NAD的PPLO/TSA培养基也常用于HPS分离培养[23-24]。由于HPS是猪上呼吸道的常在菌,鼻咽试纸、扁桃体等分离到的HPS往往不能代表致病性HPS,因此对副猪嗜血杆菌病的诊断,通常选择具有呼吸道症状猪的心、肝、脾、 肾、脑等内脏组织病料,且分菌病料必须保证无菌采样、新鲜,离体时间过长,长期冷冻的病料往往很难分离到HPS。对分离到的疑似菌株还必须结合生化鉴定结果,与其他不溶血的NAD依赖菌(如吲哚放线杆菌、猪放线杆菌和小放线杆菌)相区别。

  • 2.2 血清学诊断

  • 临床上应采用补体结合试验(Complement fixation test, CF)、 平板凝集试验、 间接血凝试验(Indirect hemagglutination test, IHA) 及酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测HPS的抗体水平。Nielsen等[8]早已证实,在补体结合试验中各种血清型之间具有广泛的交叉反应性,无法区分待检HPS血清型。平板凝集试验常用于评估HPS疫苗免疫的抗体水平, 如魏子贡等[25]通过醛化鞣酸化的绵羊红细胞凝集4 型、5 型抗原的间接血球凝集试验,得到免疫2 周后的猪群抗体检出率达89%,且特异性和重复性良好。ELISA具有简便、快捷、适用场景广泛等优点, 是目前研发较多的HPS血清学检测方法。以HPS的保护性抗原外膜蛋白P2(OPP2)和P5(OPP5) 作为ELISA检测抗原,已建立了多种不同的检测方法[26-29];冯小明等[30]以超声波裂解的HPS作为抗原,建立了间接ELISA抗体检测方法,与间接血凝方法比较,具有简单、快速、敏感等特点;宋帅等[31]以OPP5 的特异性单克隆抗体作为捕获抗体、 HPS的兔多克隆抗体作为检测抗体,建立了检测灵敏度达1 ×106 CFU/mL的双抗夹心ELISA检测方法。与CF和IHA相比,ELISA检测方法敏感性较高, 稳定性较好,易于自动化操作,检测效率较高,是一种良好的早期诊断方法。

  • 2.3 分子生物学检测

  • 分子生物学诊断方法主要针对病原核酸,利用不同的检测原理,准确诊断样品中是否含有病原的特异性基因序列,具有特异性好、灵敏度高、快速、简便的优点。HPS的分子生物学诊断方法, 主要有PCR法、环介导等温扩增(Loop-mediatedisothermal amplification, LAMP)、 交叉引物扩增核酸试纸条法等。目前已经建立的HPS分子生物学检测方法主要针对16S rRNA、infB、OmpP2、 PalA、wzs5 基因,其中16S rRNA、infB是最常用的检测靶标基因。普通PCR检测方法具有操作简单、成本低等优点,但检测灵敏度不足。目前已建立的HPS普通PCR检测方法特异性较好,对DNA的检测下限为10-5~10-6 μg/mL[32]。灵敏度较高的SYBR Green或Taq Man探针的荧光定量PCR检测方法的检测下限为10~100 copies/μL,该类方法敏感性高、特异性好,且较为稳定,是目前HPS实验室诊断和定量分析的常用方法[33-34]。由于PCR、荧光定量PCR检测方法必须借助仪器才能对病原进行诊断,而LAMP和交叉引物扩增核酸试纸条法这类核酸等温扩增技术则不需要特殊仪器,在恒温条件下即可进行快速反应,并呈现可视化的反应结果,比较适用于基层的临床检测和进出口岸的通关检测。HPS的LAMP法检测下限为10-5~10-7 μg/mL, 其敏感度与普通PCR相近甚至高于普通PCR的100 倍,结果的灵敏度往往与反应体系、可视化判断结果标准相关[35]。由于LAMP的结果主要通过肉眼对液体的浊度和荧光亮度进行判定,存在一定的主观性,不利于可疑样品的精确判断。交叉引物扩增核酸试纸条法是通过设计特异的交叉引物和探针,并进行特殊的生物标记后将等温扩增和核酸试纸条技术相结合的一种简单快速的检测方法。Gou等[36]针对HPS的wzs5 基因建立的交叉引物扩增核酸试纸条检测方法,60℃ 恒温反应1 h,即可通过带有垂直流可视化的反应条带,对14 CFU以上的HPS进行检测。此外,由于临床上HPS常与猪链球菌、伪狂犬病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒等混合感染,多重PCR或多重荧光定量PCR等方法相继建立,如贾爱卿等[37] 根据HPS和猪链球菌的16S rRNA保守区建立了双重鉴别诊断PCR检测方法,实现一次检验即可高效快速地鉴定两个病原。分子血清分型是HPS分子生物学诊断一大研究热点。根据肠杆菌基因间重复序列(ERIC)核心序列设计反向引物,经PCR扩增出HPS基因组结构特征条带,对临床菌株进行血清型分型。HPS的ERIC-PCR基因分型可为地方性暴发的HPS遗传背景及种源追溯提供重要的参考依据,比血清分型更适合流行病学分析[38]。从众多HPS菌株中区分出毒力菌株,很有可能从根本上改变副猪嗜血杆菌病的诊断。根据VtaA基因与菌株毒力的相关性, Galofre-Mila等通过PCR扩增VtaA基因的先导序列预测菌株的毒力[39-40];Howell等[41]采用全基因组关联分析(GWAS)对200 个HPS分离菌株进行分析,优选出10 个可能与HPS致病性相关的基因,并通过建立多重PCR筛选高致病性菌株。上述鉴定毒力菌株的PCR方法,通过呼吸道样品就能够为养猪场中副猪嗜血杆菌病的风险评估提供重要依据,但仍需要对更多临床菌株作进一步分析才能完全验证这些技术的准确性。

  • 3 副猪嗜血杆菌病疫苗的研究

  • 控制副猪嗜血杆菌病3 个关键要素分别是科学的种群管理、合理使用抗菌药物和有效的免疫接种。 母猪是HPS在猪群中传播的源头,因此母猪是该病的重要防控群体。随着对滥用抗生素危害的认识, 我国和世界各国已相继出台相关减抗、禁抗政策法规,抗生素将逐步退出HPS的防控环节。因此疫苗接种将成为防控该病的最主要措施。 HPS是一种胞外病原体,体液免疫反应产生的抗体在猪群感染发病中发挥重要作用[42]。仔猪在哺乳期间与母猪接触后,获得HPS定植,同时通过初乳获得母源抗体,建立定植和免疫之间的平衡。 抗体能够促进巨噬细胞吞噬并杀死HPS,且抗体对补体的杀伤作用影响较小。但经商品化ELISA试剂盒和PCR检测抗体与抗原阴性的猪仍能抵抗高致病性菌株,表明机体可能还存在除抗体以外的其他免疫保护性机制。疫苗是目前已知的用于防控病原微生物最直接、经济、高效的方式,接种疫苗和免疫抗体通常被认为是控制副猪嗜血杆菌病最有效的手段。目前研发的HPS疫苗主要包括灭活疫苗、 亚单位疫苗和菌影疫苗。

  • 3.1 灭活疫苗

  • 灭活疫苗在全球副猪嗜血杆菌病的防控中发挥了重要作用。细菌灭活疫苗通常用37℃甲醛溶液处理48 h灭活,用高速离心将细菌培养物制粒后, 再用无菌的磷酸盐缓冲液重悬,然后用适当的佐剂如矿物油、氢氧化铝或蜂胶配制。目前HPS的商品化疫苗均为灭活疫苗,相同血清型保护效果较好, 但不同血清型间的交叉保护效果较差,甚至没有保护力。因此,目前商品化的HPS疫苗以多价苗为主。 疫苗菌株通常是从临床感染的强毒株中筛选出来, 主要以血清1 型、4 型、5 型为主[43]。目前,市场上流通的HPS疫苗有7 种,分别是西班牙海博莱生物大药厂生产的预防血清1 型和6 型二价灭活苗、美国勃林格殷格翰公司生产的Z-1517 株灭活苗、山东滨州沃华生物公司等生产的1 型LC株 +5 型LZ株灭活苗、普莱柯生物公司生产的4 型JS株+5 型ZJ株灭活苗、武汉科前生物公司生产的二价灭活苗以及共同预防猪链球菌感染的二联灭活苗, 以及山东华宏生物公司生产的预防血清4 型、5 型、 12 型和13 型的四价蜂胶灭活苗[44]。广东省农业科学院动物卫生研究所针对广东地区HPS的主要流行血清型,通过动物模型筛选出临床优势强毒株, 成功研制出HPS的4 型、5 型和12 型三价灭活疫苗[45-48]。该疫苗对HPS的同型菌株具有80%的免疫保护力,对其他血清型具有一定交叉免疫保护作用,目前已获得三类新兽药证书。 HPS灭活疫苗通常在母猪产前接种,诱导母体产生持续3 周左右的高浓度抗体,仔猪断奶前接种可持续保护猪群。虽然副嗜血杆菌的灭活疫苗有众多优势,在市场上也具有较好的应用前景,但存在一些局限性。首先,灭活疫苗不可能包含区域内传播的所有毒力血清型;其次,矿物油和氢氧化铝等现有佐剂,在含有多种抗原的疫苗中很难保持相同的注射剂量和相同的保护水平,接种时缺乏其中一种抗原都很可能导致接种动物免疫失败,暴发副猪嗜血杆菌病,故开发更有效的佐剂可能是改进HPS疫苗的新途径;第三,免疫保护期短,需要多次免疫才能产生长期的保护作用;第四,无法区分自然感染和疫苗接种的动物。

  • 3.2 亚单位疫苗

  • 亚单位疫苗是含有特异HPS抗原分子,通过对致病性菌株中存在的共同表位进行免疫反应,达到免疫保护的效果。这类疫苗不含有病原微生物的核酸等遗传物质,对猪群无安全隐患。此外,该类疫苗稳定性好、易储存和运输,能区分自然感染与免疫接种的动物,因此更适合作为一种新型疫苗的研究方向,并成为未来防治HPS感染的理想疫苗。 亚单位疫苗的设计通常根据免疫蛋白质组学和基因组序列联合分析,选择可能具有免疫原性的表面蛋白和分泌蛋白。成功表达重组蛋白、获取高效的蛋白产量以及蛋白折叠充分是亚单位疫苗研发必须逐一突破的关键环节。近期已鉴定到的具有高效免疫原性的重组蛋白有超氧化物歧化酶、 Omp26、VacJ、HAPS 0742、HxuC、HxuB、TolC、 LppC、HAPS_0926、Omp16、HbpA、OppA、HPS04307、AfuA和HktE[49-52]。其中用TolC、LppC、 HAPS_0926 的重组蛋白免疫后, 小鼠抗原特异性IgG滴度和淋巴增殖反应显著升高,外周血中CD4+、CD8+ T细胞上升,IL-2、IL-4 和IFN-γ 分泌水平显著增加;在HPS全血杀菌试验中,这3 个抗原的抗血清能有效抑制细菌存活,且多蛋白联合免疫能诱导机体产生更明显的免疫反应,免疫保护效果与单一蛋白免疫效果相比显著上升[50];在豚鼠模型中,Omp26、VacJ和HAPS 0742 重组蛋白分别免疫后,用致死剂量的HPS感染豚鼠,具有显著的保护作用[53];Li等[53-54]研究发现,重组表达HbpA、OppA、HPS-04307、AfuA、OmpP2 蛋白免疫小鼠后,能诱导小鼠产生强烈的体液免疫和细胞免疫反应,有效抑制了HPS在小鼠体内的增殖并给予小鼠40%~80%的保护。但上述新发现的蛋白是否能有效地保护猪还需要进一步验证。与毒力菌株高效反应的特异性抗原表位决定了亚单位疫苗免疫保护的效率。研究发现,神经氨酸酶、 VtaA和TbpAB蛋白的特异性抗原表位在抗HPS特定血清型感染中发挥了重要作用,但这些抗原表位对HPS其他血清型的交叉保护作用仍不理想,通用抗原表位的发现很可能是解决HPS亚单位疫苗交叉保护力差的一种途径[55-57]

  • 外膜囊泡(Outer membrane vesicles,OMVs) 是革兰氏阴性菌在自然环境下分泌的一种双层膜泡状囊泡,由脂多糖、磷脂、肽聚糖、外膜蛋白、 细胞壁成分、核酸(DNA、RNA)和离子代谢物等多种生物活性物质组成,直径在20~250 nm之间[58]。OMVs不仅具有较好的免疫原性,能有效激活机体的免疫反应,还能作为免疫佐剂使用。 随着脑膜炎奈瑟菌B群OMVs疫苗的上市,OMVs被认为是极具潜力的候选亚单位疫苗或者疫苗载体。McCaig等[59]研究发现,HPS(Nagasaki株) 的OMVs免疫无母源抗体的仔猪后,用致死剂量的同菌株经滴鼻感染仔猪,免疫组14 d内的保护率达100%。豚鼠模型试验表明,经滴鼻免疫OMVs的后,豚鼠粘膜免疫水平显著上升[60]。但HPS自然分泌的OMVs产量较少,纯化过程复杂,且缺乏精确定性标准,如何高效提升OMVs的产量和控制OMVs的质量,是OMVs亚单位疫苗能否成为商品化疫苗的关键技术瓶颈。苗的关键技术瓶颈。 虽然上述多种实验性亚单位疫苗已在猪模型中显示出保护作用,但仍未能解决血清型间交叉保护的问题。高效交叉保护性疫苗是今后HPS亚单位疫苗研制的方向,该类疫苗的研发有赖于更加详细的HPS致病机制的阐明,以及更多毒力因子和交叉保护性抗原的揭示。

  • 3.3 菌影疫苗

  • “细菌幽灵”是革兰氏阴性菌在噬菌体PhiX174 的裂解基因E作用下,在细菌膜上形成一个直径为40~200 nm的特异性跨膜孔道,由于渗透压的差异,胞质内容物经孔道排出,形成无细胞浆和核酸的细菌空壳[61]。菌影疫苗正是以这种细菌空壳作为抗原免疫动物,以获得对该菌的免疫保护力。与其他类型的疫苗相比,菌影疫苗具有完整的细菌膜和相关免疫原性蛋白,可有效递送抗原和诱导较强免疫应答;而且“细菌幽灵”中含有的脂多糖和肽聚糖等成分均可作为天然佐剂;“细菌幽灵” 还可以作为载体,表达其他细菌或病毒抗原,制备多联多价疫苗。此外,由于“细菌幽灵”特殊的遗传灭活方式,疫苗中不含核酸等遗传物质,具有良好的生物安全性,且可常温储藏与运输,因此可降低生产成本。目前研究表明,大肠杆菌、幽门螺旋杆菌、胸膜肺炎防线杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、嗜血杆菌等在裂解基因E的作用下均能产生“细菌幽灵”。胡明明[62]以血清5 型HPS为载体,成功制备了HPS菌影,发现该菌影疫苗对仔猪具有较好的免疫保护力,为HPS新型高效菌影疫苗的研制开发与应用提供了支持。胡本钢[63]利用抗菌肽联合超高压方法成功制备的HPS菌影,对小鼠具有100%免疫保护力,为HPS菌影疫苗的大规模制备和工业化生产奠定了基础。

  • 4 展望

  • 副猪嗜血杆菌可感染断奶到屠宰任何阶段的猪群,且广泛地与多种病毒、细菌、支原体混合感染, 是导致猪呼吸系统疾病的重要病原。在全球限制抗生素使用和我国减抗、禁抗政策实行的背景下,副猪嗜血杆菌病的流行很可能更加普遍,多血清型、 多病原的混合感染将更加严重,发病特征也将更加模糊,给疾病的诊断与治疗造成更大困难。因此, 如何高效防控HPS感染将成为现代化、集约化养殖需要解决的关键问题。精准的病原监控与诊断、 良好的生物安全措施和合理的疫苗接种计划是控制副猪嗜血杆菌病的关键。深入开展HPS的致病机制研究,阐明不同分子在HPS感染中的作用,揭示HPS的毒力因子,准确鉴别毒力菌株与非毒力菌株,推动HPS诊断方法的发展和疫苗设计至关重要。随着各种检测方法不断改进,对于HPS的诊断已更加灵敏、准确、客观和迅速,但目前HPS的确诊主要依赖实验室诊断,且目前用于血清分型的检测方法操作、分析繁琐,仍需开发更多适用于不同场景的简便、快速、特异性强的检测方法,这对HPS早期感染的及时诊断、新菌株的发现和流行病学调查具有重要意义。 疫苗免疫是今后细菌性疾病防控的主要手段, 但目前HPS商品化疫苗仅灭活疫苗一类,且血清型间交叉保护效率差,现有的灭活疫苗技术又无法包含所有血清型,这很可能成为HPS防控的漏洞。多种亚单位疫苗、菌影疫苗等研究虽已取得较好试验结果,但仍未解决疫苗交叉保护力差这一难题。 由于流行疫病较多,仔猪在较短的免疫期内往往需要进行多次不同病原的疫苗接种,导致多次应激、 免疫力下降、疾病暴发的风险增加,且疫苗间可能存在相互影响而降低免疫效果,直接增加了生产成本。因此,研究新的安全高效佐剂、不同疫苗接种途经和具有高效交叉保护作用的疫苗,以及推动单针疫苗的研制是今后HPS疫苗研发的重点。

  • (责任编辑 崔建勋)

  • 李春玲,博士,研究员,硕士生导师,广州市政府第三届突发事件应急管理专家,广东省农业厅非洲猪瘟防控专家组成员,广东省动物防疫协会专家,广东省妇女创业专家指导团专家,广东省猪伪狂犬病、布氏杆菌病净化验收专家,广东省动物重大疫病监测及综合防控共性关键技术创新团队岗位专家,广东省畜牧兽医杰出科技工作者。现任广东省农业科学院动物卫生研究所猪病研究室主任,兼任中国畜牧兽医学会家畜传染病学分会理事、广东省免疫学会常务理事、广东省微生物学分会理事。 主要从事猪重要疫病新型分子诊断、致病机制、疫苗创制、猪病净化、远程诊断技术及综合防控关键技术研究、 新产品研发及技术推广服务工作,主持承担国家“十三五” 重点研发专项课题、国家自然科学基金面上项目、广东省重点项目等10 余项,获得省科技进步二等奖、省农业技术推广奖二等奖等奖励9 项,申请发明专利16 项,获得授权专利5 项;主持研发“副猪嗜血杆菌3 价灭活疫苗”并实现产业化,获得国家新兽药证书1 项;主持构建猪病远程诊断技术平台;在SCI收录期刊及中文核心期刊上发表学术论文118 篇,指导硕士研究生20 多名。

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