有机无机肥配施对南方双季稻区水稻产量和土壤环境的影响

刘兴林

(开平市国家现代农业示范区管理委员会,广东 开平 529300)

摘 要:【目的】研究有机无机肥配施对水稻主要性状、产量及土壤环境和地力的影响,探索有机无机肥配施中纯氮的适宜配比。【方法】在南方双季稻田进行田间试验,按随机区组设计,在等氮、磷、钾量条件下,通过设置氮磷钾化学肥料(T1)、80%化肥+20%有机肥(T2)、60%化肥+40%有机肥(T3)、20%化肥+80%有机肥(T4)、有机肥(T5)和不施肥(CK, T6)6个处理,研究不同施肥处理间水稻的产量、有效穗数、秸秆干重等差异以及土壤理化性质的变化。【结果】20%~40%有机肥纯氮供应比例的施肥处理能够增加水稻的有效穗数,降低秸秆干重6.1%~6.9%,氮肥农学效率较高;土壤pH值变化不明显,能使土壤有机质含量增加6.9%~31.5%。【结论】有机无机配施有利于减少化学肥料的使用,有机无机肥配施中纯氮供应比例在20%~40%间对提高水稻产量和降低氮肥环境负效应的综合效应最佳,肥料效益和生态效益显著。

关键词:有机无机肥配施;水稻;农艺性状;氮肥农学效率;生态效益

【研究意义】从20世纪60年代至今,全球农业生产中化学氮肥使用量增长了9倍[1],一定程度上对粮食的高产稳产做出了贡献。但单施氮肥稻田氨挥发损失较高、肥料利用率低[2-3],氮肥环境负效应近年来有增加趋势,制约了现代农业的可持续发展。长期以来,人们一直在探寻一种水稻田简单易行的环境保护性施肥技术。化学肥料和有机肥配合施用的施肥方式应运而生。【前人研究进展】有机无机肥配施,作物能获得更高的经济产量[1,4-8],水稻产量比单施化肥增产0.78%~117%[1];且有机无机肥配施能降低作物对土壤中重金属(如Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni等)的吸收[6],有利于水稻中后期干物质的积累和养分的吸收,改善农产品品质、减少硝酸盐污染[9-11];有利于土壤积累有机碳和活性有机碳[12],降低土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙[13-14],增加土壤微生物数量[15],提高土壤缓冲性能和土壤酶活性,具有增加土壤有机质含量、培肥土壤[8,16-18]的作用,因而获得更好的肥料效益和生态效益,是未来可持续、环境友好型的一种施肥方式。【本研究切入点】在保证作物需求的前提下,有机无机肥配施中降低化肥的施用比例被认为是降低活性氮损失、减轻环境负面影响的关键措施[19]。【拟解决的关键问题】通过有机无机肥配施,对水稻的农艺性状、产量及土壤环境和肥力指标进行分析,探索本地区水稻生产中有机无机肥配施纯氮的适宜配比,为农民增收、农业提质增效健康发展提供实践和理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验地位于开平市苍城镇、赤坎镇和水口镇,开平地处 112° 13′~112° 48′E、21° 56′~22°39′N,处于南亚热带季风气候区。年均温度21.5℃,年降雨量1 700~2 400 mm。试验地土壤为南方水稻土、种稻历史长,种植制度为一年两熟双季稻(早稻-晚稻),0~20 cm土层土壤基本理化性质见表1。

1.2 试验方法

试验于2018年2—8月在苍城、赤坎和水口镇(供试水稻品种)进行,供试水稻品种分别为美香占2号和粤禾丝苗。采用随机区组设计,共设6个处理,3次重复。小区面积为5 m×10 m,小区间田埂宽约0.5 m、高约0.25 m,筑好田基后盖好尼龙薄膜,以防肥水渗漏,各小区独立排灌。试验处理:氮磷钾化学肥料(T1,100%F)、80%化肥+20%有机肥(T2,80%F+20%M)、60%化肥+40%有机肥(T3,60%F+40%M)、20%化肥+80%有机肥(T4,20%F+80%M)、有机肥(T5,100%M)、不施肥(T6,CK)。处理中20%、40%、60%及80%配施比例根据氮肥用量计算,磷和钾用化肥补足。参照检测方法(NY525-2012),供试商品有机肥(开平市广源生态肥业有限公司生产)含全氮4.80%(以N计,以烘干基计),含全磷4.24%(以P2O5计,以烘干基计),含全钾3.06%(以K2O计,以烘干基计)。商品有机肥在水稻移栽前结合最后一次耙田全部施入土壤作基肥。化学肥料分3次按表2方案施入。灌溉、除草、病虫害防治等田间管理按当地习惯进行。

1.3 测定项目及方法

1.3.1 水稻产量及其构成因素 实地测定最高苗、株高。试验结束后,测定平均有效穗及每穗总粒数、 实粒数、穗长和枝梗数。分小区单收、单晒、称产,稻谷和秸杆完全晒干,扬净后称重。在考种后完全晒干的实粒中,各随机取两个1 000粒分别称重,计算千粒重和理论产量。

表1 供试前土壤理化性质
Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of the soil before the test

阳离子交换量Cation exchange capacity(cmol/kg)苍城Cangcheng 4.13 0.213 0.138 108.4 126 122 225 31.2 9.94赤坎Chikan 5.64 0.360 0.143 78.1 147 322 258 18.7 10.1水口Shuikou 4.17 0.250 0.103 12.7 102 140 190 37.4 15.3地点Location pH值pH value全氮Total N(%)全磷Total P(%)有效磷Available P(mg/kg)速效钾Rapidly available K(mg/kg)缓效钾Slowly available K(mg/kg)水解性氮Hydrolyzable N(mg/kg)有机质Content of organic matter(g/kg)

表2 试验处理及肥料应用方案
Table 2 Test treatments and fertilizer application scheme(kg/hm2

肥料养分含量Fertilizer nutrient content N P2O5 K2O 有机肥用量Amount of organic fertilizer N P2O5 K2O N K2O N P2O5 K2O 100%F 60 56 55 0 60 50 35 30 60 150 106 150 80%F+20%M 50 36 40 625 45 43.5 30 25 60.875 150 106 150 60%F+40%M 40 16 30 1250 30 37 25 20 56.75 150 106 150 20%F+80%M 10 0 20 2500 20 0 10 0 43.5 150 106 150 100%M 0 0 0 4902 0 0 0 0 0 235.3 207.8 150 CK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0处理Treatment基肥Base manure分蘖肥Tillering fertilizer穗肥Spike fertilizer

1.3.2 氮肥农学效率 当季水稻生产施肥处理与不施肥(CK)的稻谷产量差与化肥折纯N施用量之比,计算公式如下:

1.3.3 土壤理化性质 试验前采集土壤基础样本,试验后分小区采集土壤。采样时,按照棋盘法,随机取10个以上采样点组成混合样,采样深度0~20 cm。置于阴凉处自然风干,清检未腐解的根系等杂物,用4分法取300 g,制样,备检。

参照农业行业标准及常规方法,土壤pH值用pH计法(NY/T 1121.2-2006)测定,全氮含量用凯氏定氮法(NY/T 1121.24-2012)测定,有效磷含量用分光光度计法(NY/T 1121.7-2014)测定,速效钾含量用火焰光度法(NY/T 889-2004)测定,水解性氮含量用碱解扩散法测定,有机质含量用重铬酸钾容量法(NY/T 1121.6-2006)测定。

试验数据采用DPS v7.05版软件进行统计分析,用邓肯氏新复极差多重比较(DMRT)进行差异显著性分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 有机无机肥配施对水稻主要性状及产量的影响

2.1.1 有机无机肥配施对水稻主要性状的影响试验结果(表3)表明,有机无机肥配施对水稻株高的影响与单施化肥相比差异不显著,T2处理的水稻株高为109.8 cm,显著高于单施有机肥处理(T5)。处理T2和T3的最高苗分别为每667 m2 30.1万、28.7万株,与处理T1相比差异不显著,但显著优于T4处理或只施有机肥的处理,最高苗数量分别较处理T4 增加13.3%和9.1%。处理T2和T3的水稻有效穗数分别为每667 m2 21.2万、21.5万株,较单施化肥分别增加6.6%和7.9%,优于或相当于单施化肥的处理。其对有效穗数的影响与顾巍巍等的结果一致[20-22]。有机无机肥配施对水稻穗长和枝梗数的影响与单施化肥或有机肥相比无显著差异。3个有机无机肥配施处理后,会导致水稻总粒数低于单施化肥处理;但对结实率的影响无显著差异,这与秦建权的研究结果相同[23]。有机无机肥配施也会影响水稻千粒重大小,有机肥供氮比例在20%和40%时,千粒重与单施化肥处理相比差异不显著;处理T2和T3的水稻秸秆干重分别为7 515.0、7 574.9 kg/hm2,较T1处理分别降低6.9%和6.1%,但降低程度与单施化肥处理相比差异不显著;处理T2和T3的理论产量分别为9 867.1、9 722.0 kg/hm2,分别较T1处理增加2.4%和0.9%,水稻产量优于或相当于单施化肥处理,实际产量无显著差异,但显著高于处理T4或单施有机肥处理的水稻产量,比处理T4增产12.8%~13.7%,较T5增产9.5%~10.3%。

表3 有机无机肥配施对水稻主要性状和产量的影响(赤坎)
Table 3 Effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on main characters and yield of rice(Chikan)

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column of data represent significant differences.

处理Treatment株高Plant height(cm)最高苗数Max seedlings(×104 /667m2)有效穗数Effective panicle number(×104 /667m2)穗长Panicle length(cm)枝梗Number of branches总粒数Grain number per panicle结实率Seed setting rate(%)千粒重1000-grain weight(g)水稻秸秆干重Rice straw dry weight(kg/hm2)理论产量Theoretical yield(kg/hm2)实际产量Actual yield(kg/hm2)100%F 107.5ab 29.8a 19.8abc 22.6a 11.4a 157.1a 87.3a 21.7a 8069.9a 9634.3 8330.6a 80%F+20%M 109.8a 30.1a 21.2ab 22.4a 10.9a 139.8b 84.8a 22.0a 7515.0ab 9867.1 8601.5a 60%F+40%M 108.3ab 28.7a 21.5a 22.5a 11.0a 142.5b 86.1a 21.4ab 7574.9ab 9722.0 8275.0a 20%F+80%M 107.2ab 26.1b 19.3bcd 21.7a 11.0a 118.8c 85.5a 20.5c 6809.9bc 6777.3 7497.1b 100%M 104.6b 25.0bc 18.4cd 23.4a 11.5a 164.3a 85.6a 20.8bc 6089.9cd 6227.2 7420.4b CK 103.7b 23.3c 17.7d 21.7a 10.5a 141.1b 87.5a 21.7a 5639.9d 6799.1 6228.4c

2.1.2 不同施肥方式条件下水稻的氮肥农学效率 由图1可知,处理T2在苍城、赤坎和水口3个试验点的氮肥农学效率分别为6.1、15.8和12.1,处理T3在苍城、赤坎和水口3个试验点的氮肥农学效率分别为7.9、13.6和14.5,与单施化肥相比差异均不显著。有机肥替代化肥20%~40%的纯氮供应量是可取的。

水口T4处理的氮肥农学效率也较高,原因可能主要与该试验点土壤含氮量较高有关(表1),相对较高的土壤供氮能力保障了较高的水稻产量。所有试验点中,只施有机肥的处理其氮肥农学效率均最低。原因主要与水稻需肥规律、有机肥的供肥特性等因素有关。水稻在不同生长时期对氮肥的需要量是有差异的,而有机肥肥力释放缓慢,水稻氮肥需求旺盛期从有机肥中不能及时获得充足养分。因此,从经济上来说,单一的有机肥施肥方式在水稻生产种植过程中是不可取的。

图1 有机无机肥配施对当季水稻氮肥农学效率的影响
Fig.1 Effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in the current season

2.2 有机无机配施对稻田土壤环境和地力的影响

从表4可以看出,与单施化肥、单施有机肥处理或不施肥相比,苍城、赤坎和水口3个试验点有机无机肥配施对当季水稻田土壤pH值无显著影响。

处理T2与T3相比,3个试验点之间当季稻田土壤全氮含量、速效钾含量均无显著差异,但苍城、水口两个试验点土壤全氮含量、速效钾含量均表现为高于单施化肥的处理;有效磷含量、水解性氮含量在3个试验点之间表现有差异,以T2处理综合表现较好。

T4处理的水稻收获后,检测发现,当季稻田土壤全氮含量、有效磷含量略微偏高(表4),原因可能是有机肥供氮比例较高,养分释放缓慢,未能被当季作物有效利用。因此,有机肥供氮比例作基肥施入较高,长远来看虽对保持土壤养分、改善耕地质量有利,但水稻对其当季肥料利用率较低,无法获得较高的投入产出比和经济效益。综合考虑,有机肥纯氮供应比例占总施入量的20%~40%为宜,本试验中有机肥以20%的纯氮供应比例配施化肥获得的水稻产量最高(表3)。

表4 有机无机肥配施对当季稻田土壤环境和地力的影响
Table 4 Effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil environment and soil fertility in the current season

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column of data represent significant differences.

pH值pH value全氮Total N(%)处理Treatment有效磷Available P(mg/kg)速效钾Rapidly available K(mg/kg)水解性氮Hydrolyzable N(mg/kg)苍城Cang cheng赤坎Chikan水口Shuikou苍城Cang cheng赤坎Chikan水口Shuikou苍城Cang cheng赤坎Chikan水口Shuikou苍城Cang cheng赤坎Chikan水口Shuikou苍城Cang cheng赤坎Chikan水口Shuikou 100%F 5.3a 5.5a 5.3a 0.157c 0.338a 0.188b 105.1ab 12.8a 4.3c 141a 121bc 109a 224a 193b 125ab 80%F+20%M 5.4a 5.3a 5.5a 0.192ab 0.308bc 0.208b 109.7a 9.4bc 4.8b 174a 124bc 110a 192abc 220a 113abc 60%F+40%M 5.4a 5.5a 5.3a 0.184ab 0.302c 0.212ab 120.7a 4.7d 4.1a 150a 134ab 125a 204ab 192b 132a 20%F+80%M 5.3a 5.2a 5.2a 0.203a 0.330a 0.219ab 124.7a 6.8cd 5.0c 142a 150a 128a 185bc 206ab 91c 100%M 5.4a 5.3a 5.4a 0.193ab 0.323ab 0.243a 107.4ab 10.2ab 3.5c 158a 152a 142a 161cd 185b 115ab CK 5.4a 5.6a 5.8a 0.175bc 0.327ab 0.216ab 88.8b 9.0bc 3.7c 93b 111c 69b 145d 186b 106bc

2.3 有机无机肥配施对当季稻田土壤有机质的影响

研究结果表明,施用有机肥后(处理T2、T3、T4和T5),当季稻田土壤有机质含量均高于单施化肥或不施肥处理,赤坎和水口试验点各处理之间有机质含量差异不显著(图2)。其中,T2处理在苍城、赤坎和水口的有机质含量分别为27.6、50.9、32.9 g/kg,较单施化肥处理分别增加30.4%、7.9%和28.0%;T3处理在苍城、赤坎和水口的有机质含量分别为22.8、50.4、34.6 g/kg,较单施化肥处理分别增加15.8%、6.9%和31.5%;有机质含量均显著优于或相当于单施化肥处理。

图2 有机无机肥配施对当季稻田土壤有机质的影响
Fig.2 Effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil organic matter in paddy field in the current season

3 讨论

3.1 有机无机肥配施在稻田的肥料效益

在等量氮条件下,有机肥、化肥配施有利于提高水稻产量。有机无机肥配施能够增加水稻的有效穗数,降低水稻秸杆干重,有利于氮素向稻谷转移,氮素损失少,氮肥农学效率较高,其增产效果高于单施化肥。与前人研究[7,22,24-25]结论基本一致。

在水稻的高产栽培中,必须确定适宜的施氮比例,使氮肥的施用时期与水稻对氮肥需求相一致[26]。但前人在有机无机肥配施研究中,有机氮占总氮的比例目前还没有较一致的结论。刘琴[27]研究发现20%有机无机肥处理的水稻经济效益明显高于配方肥,但与配方肥处理间相比产量差异不显著。顾巍巍等[20]认为有机氮占总氮的比例为30%时水稻产量最高,当有机氮替代比例在20%~30%时最有利于水稻的生长和氮肥利用率的提高,有机氮的替代比例超40%时,由于前期养分释放慢,不能为水稻及时提供所需的养分,进而影响水稻的生长发育和产量[28]。而孟琳等[29]研究结果则表明有机肥料氮占氮总量的10%~20%时可以获得较为平稳的氮素供应过程。综合前人试验结果及本研究氮肥农学效率、水稻秸秆干重及产量构成因素(主要影响最高苗、有效穗和千粒重)结果,本试验认为有机肥纯氮供应适宜比例在20%~40%。

3.2 有机无机肥配施在稻田的生态效益

土壤酸碱度对土壤肥力和植物生长影响很大,土壤偏酸性或偏碱性,都会不同程度地降低土壤养分的有效性。当季稻田试验表明,有机无机配施不明显改变土壤的pH值,这一结果与高菊生等[30]的研究结果相一致。

许多研究表明,有机肥与化肥配施有利于提高稻田土壤中N、P、K养分和有机质含量[31-33]。商品有机肥养分释放较缓慢、平稳[34],有利于维持土壤碳、氮库的平衡,而且可以缓解土壤速效钾下降速率[35]。本研究结果也表明,有机无机肥配施可提高土壤有机质含量;土壤速效钾含量高于单施化肥处理,但差异不显著。

有机无机复混肥运筹是一项集培肥、增产、操作性强的施肥方式[36],适合作物的养分需求规律,利于减少化学肥料的施用,也有助于降低稻田杂草群落多样性、优势度和均匀度[37],增加土壤有机质、培肥地力,是一种相互适应、相互协调的施肥方式,使土壤资源得到有效利用和保护,符合人类生存发展的根本利益和长远利益,生态效益显著。

4 结论

本试验结果表明,有机无机肥配施中,有机肥纯氮供应比例在20%~40%之间,可降低干物质向秸杆部分运输和转移,减少水稻秸杆部位约6.1%~6.9%的干物质积累量,对当季水稻理论产量可提高0.9~2.4个百分点,且不显著改变土壤的pH值,可使当季稻田土壤有机质含量增加6.9%~31.5%,利于改良土壤结构,增强土壤的通气、保水、供肥和供水能力,维持土壤养分平衡。因此,20%~40%之间的有机肥纯氮供应比例对提高氮肥农学效率和降低氮肥环境负效应的综合效应最佳,肥料效益和生态效益显著。

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Effects of Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Rice Yield and Soil Environment in Double-cropping Rice Area of South China

LIU Xinglin
(Management Committee of Kaiping National Modern Agriculture Demonstration Area , Kaiping 529300,China)

Abstract:【Objective】The study was to reveal the effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on main agronomic traits and yield of rice, soil environment and soil fertility, and explore the proper proportion of pure nitrogen in the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers.【Method】Field trials were conducted in southern double-cropping rice fields, and a randomized block design with six treatments, including 100% NPK chemical fertilizer(T1),80% NPK chemical fertilizer + 20% organic fertilizer(T2), 60% NPK chemical fertilizer + 40% organic fertilizer(T3),20% NPK chemical fertilizer + 80% organic fertilizer(T4), 100% organic fertilizer(T5)and no fertilization(CK, T6),was conducted to compare the differences in rice yield, effective panicle number, rice straw dry weight, and changes in soil physical and chemical properties.【Result】The application of 20%-40% pure nitrogen which came from organic fertilizer could increase effective panicle number of rice and soil organic matter content of 6.9%-31.5%, reduce rice straw dry weight of 6.1%-6.9%, show higher agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and no obvious change in soil pH.【Conclusion】The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers is beneficial to reduce the application of chemical fertilizers.20%-40% pure nitrogen provided by the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers has the best overall effect on increasing the rice yield and reducing the negative environmental effects of nitrogen fertilizer.The fertilizer and ecological benefits are significant.

Key words:combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizatio; rice; agronomic traits; agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer; ecological benefit

中图分类号:S147.2;S511.4+2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2020)03-0059-08

刘兴林.有机无机肥配施对南方双季稻区水稻产量和土壤环境的影响[J].广东农业科学,2020,47(3):59-66.

收稿日期:2020-01-08

基金项目:农业农村部耕地质量提升与化肥减量增效项目(2017)

作者简介:刘兴林(1990—),男,硕士,研究方向为植物营养和施肥、杂草治理,E-mail:xllsana@163.com

(责任编辑 白雪娜)