烯效唑浸种对甘蔗分蘖及农艺性状的影响

范业赓,陈荣发,周慧文,闫海锋,翁梦苓,丘立杭,黄 杏,周忠凤,吴建明

(广西壮族自治区农业科学院甘蔗研究所/农业农村部广西甘蔗生物技术与遗传改良重点实验室/广西甘蔗遗传改良重点实验室/中国农业科学院甘蔗研究中心,广西 南宁 530007)

摘 要:【目的】通过浸种处理试验,筛选促进甘蔗分蘖提早发生、分蘖成茎率高的烯效唑适宜浓度,提高甘蔗单位面积有效茎数及产量。【方法】试验采用桂糖42号的常规蔗种,设0(CK)、20、40、60 mg/L烯效唑4个浓度处理,浸种处理2 h。【结果】20、40、60 mg/L烯效唑浸种处理的新植蔗SPAD值分别比CK增加20.5%、21.1%、27.2%,差异极显著,分蘖率分别比CK增加48.96%、119.74%和169.90%,差异极显著;4个处理中,以20 mg/L烯效唑浸种处理的有效茎数和产量最高,其中新植蔗有效茎和产量分别为59 640条/hm2和102.22 t/hm2,分别比对照提高8.32%和8.48%,宿根蔗的有效茎和产量分别为72 894条/hm2和105.56 t/hm2,分别比对照提高12.45%和16.05 %。新植和宿根蔗的蔗糖分并不随着烯效唑浓度的增加而变化。【结论】用20 mg/L烯效唑浸种,可有效提高新植蔗苗期+1叶的SPAD值,可提高新植蔗的分蘖率、单位面积有效茎数和产量,提高宿根蔗的发株率和产量,说明烯效唑浸种浓度不宜过高。

关键词:烯效唑;浸种;分蘖率;发株率;有效茎数;产量;甘蔗蔗糖分

【研究意义】甘蔗(Saccharum of ficenarum L.)是我国主要的糖类经济作物,其产量的大小影响到蔗农的收入和我国经济稳定发展;广西作为全国甘蔗的主要产地,甘蔗产量对保证食糖的供给起着重要作用[1]。蔗糖的稳定供给主要取决于甘蔗产量的高低,而甘蔗产量的高低与单位面积有效茎数呈正相关,因此,提高甘蔗单产就要提高甘蔗有效茎数,而促进甘蔗分蘖及其成茎比例是增加有效茎数进而提高甘蔗单产的最行之有效的途径之一。【前人研究进展】烯效唑(uniconazole,S3307)是一种植物生长延缓剂,对烯效唑在多种作物上的研究表明,烯效唑能够有效矮化植株、缩短节间长度、促进分蘖、增加光合效率,对作物具有控制旺长、提高产量、改善品质、调节生理代谢、防止早衰、增强抗逆性等作用[2-3]。烯效唑可以通过常规方法施用,包括拌种、土壤浸湿、叶面喷洒和浸种[4]。因此,研究烯效唑对甘蔗农艺性状和产量的影响,对解决如何通过植物生长调节剂提高甘蔗产量具有重要意义。烯效唑可以增加作物分蘖数、提高产量和提高抗逆性,烯效唑浸种或喷施均能提高草地早熟禾分蘖[5]、茭白分蘖[6]、促进花生分枝[7]、小麦分蘖[8-10]、水稻分蘖[11-12]。叶绿素是植物光合作用的基础,是反映叶片光合能力的重要指标,其含量与光合速率呈正相关,前人在多种作物上研究发现,烯效唑处理可以提高作物的叶绿素含量[13-15]。【本研究切入点】目前针对烯效唑在甘蔗上的应用研究很少,李松等[16]研究发现烯效唑可以提高甘蔗组培苗幼苗发根量,并提高幼苗移栽成活率,而对于烯效唑对甘蔗浸种促分蘖方面的研究尚未见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究应用烯效唑对甘蔗种茎进行浸种处理,筛选能促进甘蔗分蘖提早发生、分蘖成茎率高的烯效唑适宜浓度,从而实现提高甘蔗单位面积有效茎数及产量的目的,并为烯效唑在生产上更好地调控甘蔗分蘖发生提供理论依据和技术支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

供试甘蔗材料为广西壮族自治区农业科学院甘蔗研究所自育品种桂糖42号。烯效唑为四川国光农化有限公司生产的可湿性粉剂,有效成分含量5%。

1.2 试验设计

试验于2018—2019年在广西农科院甘蔗研究所基地进行。甘蔗种采用桂糖42号的常规蔗种,蔗种砍收后放置7~9 d,然后砍成双芽段,用烯效唑浸种处理2 h,用清水浸泡作对照。试验设0(CK)、20、40、60 mg/L 4个烯效唑浓度处理,蔗种按86 000芽/hm2下种量进行下种,3次重复,共12个小区,每个小区5行,行距1.2 m,面积42 m2。按常规栽培方法管理,调查记录各项农艺指标。

1.3 测定指标及方法

1.3.1 农艺指标测定 2018年4—6月(甘蔗苗期)调查甘蔗出苗率和分蘖率,2019年1月(甘蔗收获期)调查甘蔗茎径、株高、有效茎数和产量。每小区随机选取20条蔗茎测量茎径、株高,用游标卡尺测量中部茎径,用株高尺从植株基部量起至最高可见肥厚带的高度为株高;有效茎数指茎长超过1 m(株高超过1.3 m)且茎径大于1.5 cm的蔗茎总数,测定小区有效茎数和小区产量,换算公顷产量;同时每个小区随机选取6条有效茎送广西农科院甘蔗研究所甘蔗分析室分析甘蔗蔗糖分。2019年2—3月调查宿根蔗发株率,2019年12月调查宿根蔗有效茎数和产量,每个小区随机选取6条有效茎送广西农科院甘蔗研究所甘蔗分析室分析甘蔗蔗糖分。

1.3.2 SPAD值的测定 在新植蔗苗期(5叶期)采用SPAD-502叶绿素含量测定仪测定+1叶SPAD值。

试验数据采用Microsoft Excel 2019、DPS v18.10软件进行统计分析,用GraphPad Prism 8.0制图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同烯效唑浓度浸种对甘蔗SPAD值的影响

由图1可知,甘蔗苗期+1叶的SPAD值随着烯效唑浸种的浓度升高而升高,CK的SPAD值为45.9,而20、40、60 mg/L烯效唑处理的SPAD值分别为55.3、55.6和58.4,分别比对照增加20.5%、21.1%和27.2%,与CK差异均达到极显著水平;20 mg/L和40 mg/L两个烯效唑处理间差异不显著。

图1 不同烯效唑浓度浸种对甘蔗SPAD值的影响
Fig.1 Effects of seed soaking with different concentrations of uniconazole on SPAD value of sugarcane

2.2 不同烯效唑浓度浸种对新植甘蔗农艺性状和产量的影响

由表1可知,随着烯效唑浸种浓度的升高,新植甘蔗的分蘖率也随着升高,20、40和60 mg/L烯效唑处理分别比对照增加48.96%、119.74%和169.90%,差异均达到极显著水平;20和40 mg/L烯效唑处理的新植甘蔗出苗率高于对照,而60 mg/L处理低于对照,但4个处理间出苗率没有明显差异;株高随着烯效唑浓度的增加呈下降趋势,但差异不显著,以对照的株高最高,为296 cm;4个处理中,20 mg/L处理的有效茎数和产量最高,而60 mg/L处理的有效茎数和产量最低,新植甘蔗单位面积的有效茎数和产量并不随着烯效唑的浓度增加而增加;烯效唑处理的甘蔗蔗糖分均高于对照,但差异均不显著,其中以60 mg/L处理的甘蔗蔗糖分最高,为15.24%。

2.3 不同烯效唑浓度浸种对宿根甘蔗农艺性状和产量的影响

由表2可知,经烯效唑处理的宿根甘蔗的发株率均比对照高,但差异不显著,以20 mg/L烯效唑处理最高,为119.60%;4个处理之间的有效茎数、株高和茎径没有明显的差异,均以20 mg/L处理最高;宿根甘蔗的产量以20 mg/L处理最高,分别比0、40和60 mg/L处理提高16.05%、12.87%和14.79%,差异均达极显著水平;宿根甘蔗蔗糖分以40 mg/L处理最高、为15.65%,60 mg/L处理的甘蔗蔗糖分最低、为14.87%,两者间差异显著。

表1 不同烯效唑浓度浸种对新植甘蔗农艺性状和甘蔗蔗糖分的影响
Table 1 Effects of seed soaking with different concentrations of uniconazole on agronomic characteristics and sucrose content of newly planted sugarcane

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著,大写英文字母不同者表示差异极显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences, and different capital letters represent extremely significant differences.

烯效唑浓度Concentrations of uniconazole(mg/L)出苗率Emergence rate(%)分蘖率Tillering rate(%)株高Plant height(cm)茎径Stem diameter(mm)有效茎数(条/hm2)Effective stem number(piece/ hm2)产量Yield(t/hm2)甘蔗蔗糖分Sucrose content(%)0(CK) 73.43aA 38.33dC 296aA 28.56aA 55060abA 94.23aA 14.73aA 20 77.87aA 87.29cBC 293aA 28.55aA 59640aA 102.22aA 15.20aA 40 77.31aA 158.07bAB 285aA 27.98aA 56310aA 92.24aA 15.04aA 60 72.50aA 208.23aA 281aA 28.75aA 54645bA 91.32aA 15.24aA

表2 不同烯效唑浓度浸种对宿根甘蔗农艺性状和甘蔗蔗糖分的影响
Table 2 Effects of seed soaking with different concentrations of uniconazole on agronomic characteristics and sucrose content of ratoon sugarcane

注:同列数据后小写英文字母不同者表示差异显著,大写英文字母不同者表示差异极显著。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences, and different capital letters represent extremely significant differences.

烯效唑浓度Concentrations of uniconazole(mg/L)发株率Stooling capacity(%)株高Plant height(cm)茎径Stem diameter(mm)有效茎数(条/hm2)Effective stem number(piece/ hm2)产量Yield(t/hm2)甘蔗蔗糖分Sucrose content(%)0(CK) 109.31aA 275aA 27.66aA 64794aA 90.96bB 15.20abA 20 119.60aA 284aA 28.04aA 72894aA 105.56aA 15.43abA 40 109.71aA 270aA 27.38aA 66819aA 93.52bB 15.65aA 60 112.45aA 269aA 27.42aA 64794aA 91.96bB 14.87bA

3 讨论

叶绿素是植物进行光合作用所必需的一种光合色素,其含量是反映光合强度的重要生理指标。叶绿素含量的高低可直接反映作物光能利用率,影响作物产量形成[17]。烯效唑处理可增加功能叶的叶绿素相对含量。烯效唑的应用显著改善了大豆的叶绿素含量、光合速率和抗氧化系统[18];王振龙等[19]研究发现不同浓度的烯效唑浸种可以提高番茄幼苗叶绿素含量;项祖芬等[20]指出烯效唑的使用提高了水稻剑叶衰老期间的叶绿素含量;刘春娟等[21]发现喷施烯效唑增加了大豆植株不同部位叶片的叶绿素含量;Ahmad等[22-23]发现,在干旱和半干旱地区应用烯效唑可以提高小麦和玉米的叶绿素a和b含量,增强小麦抗旱性;杜超等[24]研究发现烯效唑可以提高向日葵叶片的SPAD值。本研究以烯效唑浸种后,随着烯效唑浓度的增加,甘蔗叶片的SPAD值也随之增加,说明烯效唑的使用通过影响叶片的叶绿素含量,进而影响甘蔗光合速率,促进光合作用。

分蘖是甘蔗生长发育进程中的一个显著特点,提高甘蔗单产的关键是促进分蘖,提高有效茎数及促进其发育成茎。甘蔗分蘖除受到品种制约外,也受到环境影响。利用植物生长调节剂控制甘蔗分藥具有相当显著的作用,如外源乙烯利(Ethephon)叶面喷施可促进甘蔗分蘗的发生[25-28],柴亮[29]发现DA-6可以促进甘蔗分蘖,范业赓等[30]发现多效唑浸种可以提高甘蔗分蘖率。烯效唑也能促进分蘖发生,王忠阁等[11]发现烯效唑浸种可以促进水稻分蘖;烯效唑能抑制赤霉素的合成,对水稻、小麦有促蘖增穗效应[8,31-32]。本研究中烯效唑浸种提高了甘蔗的分蘖,这与前人在其他作物上的研究相一致;而随着烯效唑浓度增加,新植蔗的有效茎数和产量呈现降低趋势,说明过高烯效唑浓度产生的分蘖多为无效分蘖,这些分蘖会造成分蘖成茎率低,且会对有效分蘖的生长发育产生抑制作用;前人研究也认为,无效分蘖会竞争植株营养分配,降低有效分蘖对资源的利用,最终产量下降[33-34]。同时,随着烯效唑浓度的增加,新植蔗的株高也有所降低,说明高浓度的烯效唑有可能抑制甘蔗节间伸长,进而影响甘蔗的株高,这也与前人研究一致。闫艳红等[35]研究表明大豆喷施烯效唑可以降低株高,增加茎粗;田再民等[36]发现随着烯效唑的浓度的增加,玉米株高受到的抑制也逐渐增强;张伟等[37]用烯效唑喷施甜高粱,发现烯效唑可以有效降低甜高粱株高。本研究中,新植和宿根蔗的蔗糖分并不随着烯效唑的浓度增加而增加,虽然烯效唑处理新植蔗的蔗糖分都高于对照,但差异并不显著;宿根蔗以40 mg/L处理的蔗糖分最高,以60 mg/L处理最低,说明烯效唑对甘蔗蔗糖分的影响并不明显。因此,对蔗种进行低浓度浸种处理,可以促进分蘖早发、提高分蘖率,进而可以减缓烯效唑对株高的抑制作用。本研究中,20 mg/L烯效唑处理提高了甘蔗有效茎数,进而提高了宿根蔗的发株率,然而受2019年广西全区干旱无雨旱情影响,宿根蔗的株高和茎径都不大,且都低于新植蔗,虽然单位面积的有效茎数比新植蔗有所提高,但单位面积产量与新植蔗相差不大。

4 结论

本研究结果表明,以适当浓度的烯效唑浸种,可有效提高新植蔗苗期+1叶的SPAD值,可提高新植蔗的分蘖率,而新植蔗的单位面积有效茎数和产量并不随着烯效唑浓度增加而增加,以20 mg/L烯效唑浸种为佳;宿根蔗的发株率、有效茎数也以20 mg/L烯效唑浓度为宜;新植蔗和宿根蔗的甘蔗蔗糖分与烯效唑的浓度关系不大。因此,烯效唑浸种对促进甘蔗分蘖、提高单位面积有效茎数和产量并不是烯效唑浓度越高越好,而是需要一个适宜的浓度来促进分蘖,并控制好无效分蘖;而且过高的烯效唑浓度会抑制赤霉素合成,抑制甘蔗伸长,影响甘蔗株高,最终影响甘蔗产量。

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Effects of Seed Soaking with Uniconazole on Tillering and Agronomic Traits of Sugarcane

FAN Yegeng, CHEN Rongfa, ZHOU Huiwen, YAN Haifeng, WENG Mengling,QIU Lihang, HUANG Xing, ZHOU Zhongfeng, WU Jianming
(Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China)

Abstract:【Objective】In this study, uniconazole was used to soak the sugarcane seeds.The optimum concentration of uniconazole that can promote the early occurrence of sugarcane tillering and high tillering rate was proposed to increase the effective stem number and yield per unit area of sugarcane.【Method】The conventional sugarcane seed of Guitang 42 was used in this experiment and four treatment concentrations were set, including 0 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 60 mg/L, to soak the seeds for 2 h.【Result】The results showed that the SPAD values of newly planted sugarcane treated with 20 mg/L,40 mg/L, and 60 mg/L uniconazole increased by 20.5%, 21.1%, and 27.2%, respectively, compared with that of 0 mg/L, showing extremely significant differences; and the tillering rate of 20 mg/L, 40 mg/L and 60 mg/L treatments increased by 48.96%,119.74% and 169.90%, respectively, compared with that of 0 mg/L treatment, with extremely significant differences.Among the 4 treatments, the effective stem number and yield of 20 mg/L uniconazole treatment were the highest; among them, the effective stem and yield of newly planted sugarcane were 59 640 pieces/hm2 and 102.22 t/hm2, respectively, which were 8.32% and 8.48%higher than those of CK.The effective stem and yield of ratoon sugarcane were 72 894 pieces/hm2 and 105.56 t/hm2, which were 12.45% and 16.05% higher than those of CK, respectively.The sucrose contents of newly planted and ratoon sugarcanes did not change with the increase of uniconazole concentration.【Conclusion】Soaking seeds with 20 mg/L uniconazole can effectively increase the SPAD value of +1 leaf in seedling stage of the newly planted sugarcane, the tillering rate, effective stem number and yield per unit area, and the stooling capacity and yield of ratoon sugarcane, indicateing that the concentration of uniconazole should not be too high.

Key words: uniconazole; soak; tillering rate; stooling capacity; effective stem number; yield; sucrose content

中图分类号:S566.104.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2020)04-0016-07

doi:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2020.04.003

范业赓,陈荣发,周慧文,闫海锋,翁梦苓,丘立杭,黄杏,周忠凤,吴建明.烯效唑浸种对甘蔗分蘖及农艺性状的影响[J].广东农业科学,2020,47(4):16-22.

收稿日期:2020-01-12

基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFD1000503);广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科AD19245080);广西壮族自治区农业科学院科技先锋队专项行动项目(桂农科JZ202003);南宁市科技特派员创新创业与科技服务科研基地专项(20182197-4)

作者简介:范业赓(1979—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向为甘蔗栽培和生理生化,E-mail:fanyegeng@163.com

通信作者:吴建明(1978—),男,博士,研究员,研究方向为甘蔗栽培与分子生物学,E-mail:wujianming2004@126.com

(责任编辑 邹移光)