开口料及猪粪对黑水虻幼虫生长的影响

叶家炜,关婉婷,石逸夫,时云峰,唐雪莲,付京花,徐民俊

(华南农业大学海洋学院,广东 广州 510642)

摘 要:【目的】探究黑水虻初孵幼虫采用开口料饲喂是否更有利于其后期生长,并研究猪粪与麦麸混合培养料的最适比例。【方法】设初孵阶段采用开口料(全麦麸)饲喂的对照处理及不采用开口料饲喂的试验处理,用猪粪含量分别为90%、80%、60%、50%的麦麸混合培养料进行饲喂。定期测量黑水虻幼虫的体长、体宽、体重。【结果】对照处理中,黑水虻幼虫体长、体宽、体重的增长随着猪粪含量的降低而逐渐增高,在猪粪含量为50%时达到最佳。试验处理中,幼虫的生长指标随着猪粪含量的降低呈现先增后减的趋势,在猪粪含量为80%时达到最佳。比较对照处理与相应试验处理,除猪粪含量为90%的两组差异不显著外,其余整体生长指标均表现为对照处理优于试验处理,且差异显著。【结论】采用开口料饲喂黑水虻初孵幼虫更有利于其后期生长,且粪含量为50%的猪粪麦麸混合培养料对幼虫生长最有利。

关键词:黑水虻幼虫;麦麸;猪粪;生长指标

【研究意义】黑水虻(Hermetia illucens L.)为腐生性的水虻科昆虫,其幼虫常用来处理农业废弃物、餐厨垃圾等,可有效减少厨余垃圾、降低农业废弃物量[1],还可有效改善被污染区域的空气质量[2]。据报道,经黑水虻幼虫处理的畜禽粪便中,具有挥发性气味的化合物排放量降低87%以上[3],同时根据采食物质的不同会富集特定的营养成分[4]。近年来,黑水虻幼虫常被应用于处理畜禽粪便,报道较多的是对猪粪处理模式的探究[5-7]。研究发现,黑水虻幼虫的肠道有较强的免疫系统,能有效抑制猪粪中的有害病原体,采食的粪便可转化为可供动物食用的优质昆虫蛋白[8-10]。【前人研究进展】Marono等[11]研究发现,黑水虻幼虫粉可作为蛋鸡饲料中所需蛋白的替代物。陈晓瑛等[12]在研究黑水虻幼虫粉替代部分鱼粉对黄颡鱼生长性能影响的试验中发现,黑水虻幼虫粉替代量为30%对黄颡鱼的生长性能无影响。Li等[13]研究表明,利用黑水虻幼虫粉替代大西洋鲑鱼饲料蛋白源,不会损害其肠道健康。目前黑水虻幼虫的利用价值在逐渐提高,但有关幼虫初孵阶段是否需要开口料及后期生长最适猪粪辅料配比的研究较少。袁志能等[14]采用不同含量进境小麦下脚料饲喂黑水虻幼虫,结果表明,60%的小麦下脚料最适宜幼虫生长。杨安妮等[15]采用鸡粪搭配麦麸饲喂黑水虻幼虫,发现鸡粪含量为20%对幼虫生长最佳。马加康等[16]采用玉米、麦麸混合料搭配鸭粪饲喂黑水虻幼虫,研究认为鸭粪添加量以60%为宜。陈海洪等[17]使用黑水虻三龄幼虫直接处理不添加任何辅料的新鲜猪粪,发现幼虫可以存活并生长,但生长效果不佳。

【本研究切入点】查阅文献均未看到关于黑水虻幼虫初孵阶段是否要采用合适的开口料进行暂养的试验报告,有关猪粪和辅料搭配的混合饲养试验也较少。【拟解决的关键问题】为了比较初孵阶段采用开口料暂养与直接参与粪便等混合培养料饲养黑水虻幼虫的生长差异,本研究开展了不同比例猪粪与麦麸混合培养料养殖试验,同时设立了采用开口料暂养的对照处理和直接采用猪粪麦麸混合培养料的试验处理,以探究在幼虫初孵阶段采用适宜开口料是否对幼虫后期生长有更好的促进作用,同时探究何种比例的猪粪麦麸混合料对幼虫的进食生长更有利。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

黑水虻虫卵,由广州无两生物科技有限公司提供;麦麸,由佳惠饲料有限公司提供;新鲜猪粪,由农业部连州市安全水产科技服务站提供;小养殖盒(120 mm×155 mm×60 mm)。

1.2 试验方法

试验于2019年10月开始在华南农业大学海洋学院农事培训基地进行。

试验设8个处理,采用一一对照的方式,分为对照处理和试验处理(表1),其中,A~D为对照,采用麦麸作为开口料饲喂6 d再转为混合培养料饲养;E~H为试验处理,不采用开口料,直接饲喂含有猪粪的混合培养料。每个处理3个重复,开始均加入250 g料。

表1 不同处理的粪料添加比例
Table 1 Manure addition proportion of different treatments(%)

处理Treatment 猪粪Pig manure 麦麸Wheat bran A/E 90 10 B/F 80 20 C/G 60 40 D/H 50 50

1.3 养殖流程

孵化阶段:将E~H试验处理所需的混合培养料制备好,湿度为55%~65%,均匀铺于养殖盒底,厚度在5~6 cm之间。称取0.05 g虫卵放于纸板上,再放于培养料上方中间位置,盖上纱网,养殖盒置于室内。对照为全麦麸开口料。孵化周期一般为3 d。

管理阶段:每天用温湿度计按时测量养殖盒内的温湿度,温度一般以25~30 ℃为宜;前期培养料的湿度控制在55%~65%之间,后期保持培养料底部翻起较松散即可。

1.4 生长指标测量

前期阶段虫体太小不便测量,6日龄开始进行第一次测量,包括幼虫的体长、体宽、体重,每盒随机挑选15只幼虫,测量前先擦净虫体再采用分析天平和直尺进行测量,之后每2天测量1次,记录数据。

试验数据采用SPSS 20.0、EXCEL2007进行统计分析,并进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)[18],若处理间差异显著,则进行Duncan’s多重比较[19]

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同比例猪粪对黑水虻幼虫体长的影响

由表2可知,在6~8日龄期间各处理幼虫的体长增长情况均最大,之后长势逐渐变缓。对照处理A~D中,A处理幼虫长势最低,其他处理表现为D>B>C,且D处理与其他处理表现为差异显著。试验处理E~H中E处理幼虫长势最低,其他处理表现为F>G>H。试验处理和对照处理一一对比,在6~8日龄期间A、E处理幼虫体长增长情况表现为A>E,而从10日龄开始两处理对比差异不显著;而其他3个对比处理,均表现为差异显著,对照处理的整体生长情况优于试验处理。这说明对初孵黑水虻幼虫使用开口料更有利于幼虫后期生长,同时后期混合料中猪粪含量为50%更能促进幼虫生长。

2.2 不同比例猪粪对黑水虻幼虫体宽的影响

由表3可知,各处理体宽增长情况与体长相似,均在6~8日龄期间为增长最大,除了A、H处理幼虫在8~11日龄期间仍有一个较大的增长外,其余各处理幼虫在8日龄之后均表现为缓慢增长。对照处理A~D中,A处理幼虫增长情况最差,与其他处理多表现为差异极显著,D处理幼虫增长情况最好,个体差异小,从8日龄开始与B、C处理表现为差异显著。试验处理E~H中,体宽增长情况表现为E处理幼虫最差,F、G、H处理间差异不显著。试验处理与对照处理一一对比,除了A、E处理幼虫在10日龄之后均表现为差异不显著外,其余均表现为对照处理的生长情况更优。

表2 不同比例猪粪对黑水虻幼虫体长的影响
Table 2 Effect of different proportions of pig manure on the body length of Hermetia illucens L. larvae(cm)

注:同列数据后小写英文字母相同代表差异不显著,字母相邻代表差异显著,字母间隔代表差异极显著。
Note: After the data in the same column, the same lowercase letter represents insignificant difference, the adjacent letters represent significant differences, and the letter interval represents extremely significant difference.

处理Treatment 16日龄16 days of age A 1.02±0.10b 1.33±0.12b 1.39±0.14a 1.46±0.12a 1.50±0.12a 1.53±0.09a B 1.23±0.08d 1.58±0.11e 1.67±0.12e 1.70±0.10b 1.78±0.11c 1.82±0.08d C 1.14±0.10c 1.50±0.12d 1.60±0.07d 1.65±0.06b 1.72±0.10c 1.73±0.13c D 1.21±0.09d 1.63±0.11f 1.85±0.17f 1.93±0.18c 2.02±0.15d 2.03±0.15e E 0.70±0.08a 1.18±0.09a 1.40±0.12ab 1.49±0.13a 1.55±0.17ab 1.56±0.17a F 1.17±0.12cd 1.40±0.12c 1.49±0.16c 1.52±0.12a 1.60±0.15b 1.64±0.10b G 1.15±0.10c 1.43±0.11c 1.48±0.10c 1.50±0.07a 1.56±0.12ab 1.58±0.06a H 1.15±0.15c 1.44±0.15c 1.46±0.15bc 1.52±0.12a 1.55±0.07ab 1.58±0.11a 6日龄6 days of age 8日龄8 days of age 10日龄10 days of age 12日龄12 days of age 14日龄14 days of age

表3 不同比例猪粪对黑水虻幼虫体宽的影响
Table 3 Effects of different proportions of pig manure on the body width of Hermetia illucens L. larvae(cm)

注:同列数据后小写英文字母相同代表差异不显著,字母相邻代表差异显著,字母间隔代表差异极显著。
Note: After the data in the same column, the same lowercase letter represents insignificant difference, the adjacent letters represent significant differences, and the letter interval represents extremely significant difference.

处理Treatment 16日龄16 days of age A 0.31±0.05b 0.35±0.04b 0.38±0.02a 0.42±0.03ab 0.40±0.05a 0.42±0.03a B 0.34±0.05cd 0.42±0.03cd 0.43±0.03d 0.45±0.03cd 0.43±0.04b 0.46±0.03cd C 0.33±0.05bc 0.40±0.03c 0.42±0.03d 0.45±0.03d 0.43±0.05b 0.47±0.03d D 0.32±0.05bc 0.44±0.03d 0.49±0.04e 0.49±0.04e 0.49±0.05c 0.50±0.04e E 0.21±0.03a 0.31±0.03a 0.40±0.05bc 0.41±0.03a 0.41±0.04a 0.43±0.03a F 0.34±0.06c 0.40±0.05c 0.41±0.04cd 0.42±0.06ab 0.42±0.05ab 0.44±0.03ab G 0.37±0.04d 0.40±0.03c 0.41±0.03cd 0.43±0.03bcd 0.43±0.05b 0.44±0.04ab H 0.32±0.07bc 0.40±0.03c 0.39±0.04ab 0.43±0.03bc 0.42±0.04ab 0.45±0.03bc 6日龄6 days of age 8日龄8 days of age 10日龄10 days of age 12日龄12 days of age 14日龄14 days of age

表4 不同比例猪粪对黑水虻幼虫体重的影响
Table 4 Effects of different proportions of pig manure on the body weight of Hermetia illucens L. larvae(g)

注:同列数据后小写英文字母相同代表差异不显著,字母相邻代表差异显著,字母间隔代表差异极显著。
Note: After the data in the same column, the same lowercase letter represents insignificant difference, the adjacent letters represent significant differences, and the letter interval represents extremely significant difference.

16日龄16 days of age A 0.4062±0.0594b 0.9345±0.1868ab 1.1237±0.1624a 1.1595±0.1936a 1.2387±0.1372a 1.2881±0.1837a B 0.6475±0.0475c 1.5405±0.2166d 1.6950±0.1905b 1.7621±0.0971b 1.8865±0.1166c 2.0143±0.2367b C 0.5093±0.0532bc 1.3969±0.2152cd 1.4821±0.1694ab 1.6195±0.1631ab 1.7438±0.0810bc 1.8260±0.2392ab D 0.6128±0.0703bc 1.5285±0.0960d 2.3567±0.4519c 2.4405±0.3474c 2.5544±0.3489d 2.6076±0.3589c E 0.1754±0.0388a 0.7292±0.0663a 1.0996±0.2855a 1.2967±0.4158ab 1.3378±0.2544ab 1.4522±0.3766ab F 0.6498±0.0631c 1.2104±0.0786bcd 1.3766±0.1311ab 1.4265±0.2140ab 1.5078±0.2011abc 1.7307±0.3275ab G 0.6367±0.1470c 1.1496±0.1276bc 1.2598±0.1378ab 1.3492±0.1432ab 1.4827±0.1116abc 1.5705±0.1754ab H 0.5840±0.1694bc 1.1131±0.2064ab 1.2019±0.1746ab 1.3414±0.1605ab 1.3865±0.1592ab 1.4245±0.1552ab处理Treatment 6日龄6 days of age 8日龄8 days of age 10日龄10 days of age 12日龄12 days of age 14日龄14 days of age

2.3 不同比例猪粪对黑水虻幼虫体重的影响

由表4可知,黑水虻幼虫体重在6~8日龄期间增长最大。对照处理A~D中,A处理幼虫增重最少,其他处理表现为D>B>C,且D处理与B、C两处理表现为差异显著。试验处理E~H中,E、H处理幼虫增重较少,整体表现为F>G>H>E。各试验处理整体生长趋势与对照处理一一对比,除了A处理幼虫后期体重低于E处理幼虫外,其余均表现为对照处理的增重情况更优。

3 讨论

本试验对黑水虻在初孵阶段是否需要开口料,后期饲养期间猪粪与麦麸混合比例为多少更有利于幼虫生长进行了研究,从黑水虻体长、体宽、体重这3个生长指标的变化情况来看,采用开口料进行初孵幼虫暂养的处理明显优于直接饲喂混合培养料的处理,说明幼虫在初孵阶段还不太适合直接用于猪粪处理,而麦麸作为直接营养源,不仅采食性好,而且富含多种矿物元素及维生素,且有利于增强幼虫肠道机能[20]。在进行猪粪不同配比的比较试验中,随着猪粪含量的降低,对照处理幼虫的生长指标呈现为递增趋势,当达到1∶1时,对照处理幼虫的生长情况最佳;试验处理幼虫的生长情况则呈现为先增后减的趋势,E处理幼虫的生长情况最差,F处理幼虫的生长情况最佳,说明在没有开口料的情况下,80%猪粪+20%麦麸饲喂的幼虫提前开始适应猪粪这类营养源,前期的适应促使它在之后的生长过程中更容易接受猪粪这类食物,从而呈现出与对照处理不同的结果。

4 结论

综上所述,黑水虻幼虫在初孵阶段直接饲喂带有猪粪的混合培养料,会导致其在生长方面表现迟缓,对幼虫生长较为不利;而采用麦麸作为开口料饲喂到6日龄阶段再进行粪料投喂,幼虫的生长表现更优,而且随着对照处理猪粪含量的递减,幼虫的生长指标变化呈现为递增趋势,最终以猪粪与麦麸比例为1∶1时表现最佳。因此,在养殖黑水虻幼虫处理猪粪的过程中,考虑到幼虫的产出和生长积极性,初孵阶段采用合适的开口料进行饲喂会更有利于黑水虻的生长和猪粪处理的整体进行。

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Effects of Starter Feed and Pig Manure on the Growth of Hermetia illucens L. Larvae

YE Jiawei, GUAN Wanting, SHI Yifu, SHI Yunfeng,TANG Xuelian, FU Jinghua, XU Minjun
(College of Marine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China)

Abstract:【Objective】The study was to investigate the effect of starter feed on the later growth of newly hatched larvae of Hermetia illucens L., and to explore the optimal ratio of mixed compost of pig manure and wheat bran.【Method】Two groups were set: the control group fed with starter feed(whole wheat bran)at initial incubation stage and the experimental group without starter feed but the mixed wheat bran compost with pig manure contents of 90%, 80%, 60% and 50%. In the experiment, the body length, body width and body weight of the larvae were measured regularly.【Result】In the control group, the growth of body length, body width and body weight of the H. illucens L. larvae gradually increased with the decrease of pig manure content, and reached the best when the pig manure content was 50%. In the experimental group, the growth indicators of larvae showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the decrease of pig manure content, and reached the best when the pig manure content was 80%. Except for the 90% pig manure content, the difference between the control group and the experimental group was not significant. The overall growth indicators of the other groups showed that the control group was better than the experimental group and the difference was significant.【Conclusion】It shows that feeding the newly-hatched larvae of the H. illucens L. with starter feed is more conducive to its later growth, and the mixed compost of pig manure and wheat bran is most beneficial to the growth of larvae when the content of pig manure is 50%.

Key words: Hermetia illucens L. larvae; wheat bran; pig manure; growth indicator

中图分类号:S899.9

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1004-874X(2020)07-0137-05

叶家炜,关婉婷,石逸夫,时云峰,唐雪莲,付京花,徐民俊.开口料及猪粪对黑水虻幼虫生长的影响[J]. 广东农业科学,2020,47(7):137-141.

收稿日期:2020-04-19

基金项目:广东省2018乡村振兴战略专项(2018LM2159);广东省海洋渔业科技与产业发展专项(A201601A15);广东省农业科技特派员项目(E18143)

作者简介:叶家炜(1995—),男,在读硕士生,研究方向为水产动物营养与饲料,E-mail: 814100277@qq.com

通信作者:徐民俊(1974—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向为水产健康养殖和水产品质量安全,E-mail:xuminjun@scau.edu.cn

(责任编辑 崔建勋)