| 魏岚,王泽煌,陈伟盛,等.优化施肥和有机替代技术对菜心生长和土壤肥力的影响[J].广东农业科学,2024,(7-9):- |
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优化施肥和有机替代技术对菜心生长和土壤肥力的影响 |
| The Effects of Optimal Fertilization and Application of Organic Fertilizer Technology on the Growth and Soil Fertility of Chinese cabbage |
| 投稿时间：2024-05-11 修订日期：2024-06-05 |
| DOI： |
| 中文关键词: 有机肥/炭基有机肥 优化施肥 有机替代 菜心 土壤性质 |
| 英文关键词: organic fertilizer/biochar-based-organic fertilizer optimal fertilization organic substitution Chinese cabbage soil properties |
| 基金项目:“十四五”广东省农业科技创新十大主攻方向“揭榜挂帅”项目（2023SDZG08）；2022年广东省涉农项目（107000068-2022-0000176609）；广东省农业科学院低碳农业与碳中和研究中心项目（XTXM202204）；2022年高水平广东省农业科技示范市建设资金市院合作项目（2220060000054、2220060000050） |
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| 摘要点击次数: 33 |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 【目的】优化施肥和有机替代化肥技术是实现环境友好、保持耕地质量的国家战略，对实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本试验探讨优化施肥和化肥减量措施对广东省江门地区蔬菜地土壤理化性质及菜心产量、品质的影响，为蔬菜地平衡有效施肥提供理论依据和技术支持。【方法】以供港和珠三角蔬菜基地之一广东省江门市为研究基地，采用大田小区试验，设置空白对照（T0）、常规施肥（T1）、优化施肥（T2）、优化施肥+15%有机肥替代化肥（T3）、优化施肥+30%有机肥替代化肥（T4）、优化施肥+15%炭基有机肥替代化肥（T5）、优化施肥+30%炭基有机肥替代化肥（T6）7个处理，测定各处理对菜心产量、叶片营养元素累积、菜心品质及土壤养分和理化性状等的影响。【结果】除去空白处理T0，与常规施肥T1相比，优化施肥和有机替代处理（T2~T6）对菜心的产量没有显著影响，其中T2产量最高（28.15 t/hm2），其次为T3（26.35 t/hm2）；营养元素含量并没有受到有机替代的影响；干物质和营养元素累积量相比T1均有增加，其中T2干物质积累量最高（提高了12.58%），氮磷钾元素累积量为T6最高，分别是T1的1.19、1.18和1.18倍；但是所有处理均提高了菜心的Vc和可溶糖含量（9.49% ~ 22.63%和18.96% ~ 126.37%）；所有处理的肥料农学利用效率也均高于T1，而T2产生的农学利用效率最高（N: 2.77，P: 7.38，K: 3.69），其次是T6处理（N: 2.17，P: 5.78，K:2.89）；采用了有机替代的处理（T3~T6）其pH值均高于单施化肥，其中T6处理与习惯施肥差异最大（0.62个单位），土壤有机质含量所有处理高于习惯施肥T1（9.75% ~ 34.31%）。【结论】与传统施肥相比，所有处理均不会使蔬菜减产，其中测土配方优化施肥（T2）的农学效率最高。综合考虑产量增加、菜心品质提高、增加效益和土壤性质改良的基础上，优化施肥+15%有机替代结合减量施肥处理为最佳，因此15%的有机肥替代可能是最适宜珠江三角洲菜心成本的化肥减量增效模式。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| 【Objective】The optimal fertilization and reduction in chemical fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers is a national strategy to achieve environmental friendliness and maintain the quality of cultivated land, which is of great significance for achieving sustainable agricultural development. This experiment explores the effects of optimized fertilization and application of organic fertilizer measures on the physical and chemical properties of vegetable soil, as well as the yield and quality of vegetable hearts in the Jiangmen area of Guangdong Province. The purpose of this study is providing theoretical basis and technical support for balanced and effective fertilization in vegetable fields. 【Methods】We use Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, one of the vegetable bases in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta, as the research base. Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of optimized fertilization and organic substitution on the yield, quality, and soil fertility of Chinese cabbage. The field experiment method was used to study the control(T0)，conventional fertilization (T1), optimized fertilization (T2), optimized fertilization+15% organic fertilizer replacing fertilizer (T3), optimized fertilization+30% organic fertilizer replacing fertilizer (T4), optimized fertilization+15% carbon based organic fertilizer replacing fertilizer (T5), and optimized fertilization+30% carbon based organic fertilizer replacing fertilizer (T6). The effects of seven treatments on cabbage yield, leaf nutrient accumulation, cabbage quality, soil nutrients, and physico-chemical properties were measured.【Result】Compared with conventional fertilization, optimized fertilization and organic substitution treatment (T2~T6) had no significant effect on the yield of Chinese cabbage. T2 had the highest yield (28.15 t/hm2), followed by T3 (26.35 t/hm2). In our research, the nutrient content was not affected by organic substitution. The accumulation of dry matter and macroelements had increased compared to T1, with T2 having the highest accumulation of dry matter (by an increase of 12.58%) and T6 having the highest accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium elements, which are 1.19, 1.18, and 1.18 times higher than T1, respectively. However, all treatments increased the Vc and soluble sugar content of cabbage (9.49%~22.63% and 18.96%~126.37%). The agronomic utilization efficiency of all treated fertilizers was higher than that of T1. T2 produced the highest agronomic utilization efficiency (N: 2.77, P: 7.38, K: 3.69), and T6’s agronomic utilization efficiency came second (N: 2.17, P: 5.78，K:2.89). The pH values of the treatments using organic substitution (T3~T6) were higher than those of single fertilizer application. Among them, the T6 treatment had the largest difference from conventional fertilization (0.62 units), and the soil organic matter content of all treatments was higher than that of conventional fertilization T1 (9.75%~34.31%). 【Conclusion】Compared with traditional fertilization, all treatments did not reduce vegetable yield. Optimizing fertilization (T2) is most beneficial for achieving the highest agronomic efficiency. On the basis of comprehensive consideration of yield increase, cabbage quality improvement, increased benefit and soil property improvement, the optimal fertilization+15% organic substitution combined with reduced fertilization treatment is the best. Therefore, 15% organic fertilizer substitution may be the most suitable fertilizer reduction and benefit increase mode for the cost of cabbage in the Pearl River Delta. |
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