氮肥减施对烤烟生长及氮肥利用效率的影响

李 禹1; 马建彬 2; 代惠娟 2; 白羽祥 1; 王 戈 1; 王圣丰 2; 刘 波 2; $2 2; 吴姝俊 3; 沈永祥 3; 王 娜 1

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李禹1 ，马建彬 2 ，代惠娟 2 ，白羽祥 1 ，王戈 1 ，王圣丰 2 ，刘波 2 ，谭宏祥 2 ，吴姝俊 3 ，沈永祥 3 ，王娜 1.氮肥减施对烤烟生长及氮肥利用效率的影响[J].广东农业科学,2024,51(8):92-103

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Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction on Growth and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Flue-cured Tobacco

DOI：10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2024.08.010

中文关键词: 烤烟氮肥减量养分分配干物质肥料利用率产质量

英文关键词: flue-cured tobacco nitrogen fertilizer reduction nutrient distribution dry matter fertilizer utilization rate production quality

基金项目:国家自然科学基金（31860357）；河北中烟工业有限责任公司科技项目（2022130000340019）

作者	单位
李禹1 ，马建彬 2 ，代惠娟 2 ，白羽祥 1 ，王戈 1 ，王圣丰 2 ，刘波 2 ，谭宏祥 2 ，吴姝俊 3 ，沈永祥 3 ，王娜 1	（1. 云南农业大学烟草学院，云南昆明 650201；2. 河北中烟工业有限责任公司，河北石家庄 050051；3. 云南省曲靖市烟草公司宣威分公司，云南曲靖 655000）

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中文摘要:

【目的】研究氮肥减施对烤烟生长发育、养分利用及产质量的影响，初步明确氮肥减施的可行性，为烤烟可持续生产提供理论依据。【方法】设置不施肥（对照）、常规施氮、氮肥分别减施 10%、20%、30% 共 5 个处理，对比分析各处理烟株农艺性状、经济性状、化学成分及肥料利用率等指标。【结果】氮肥适量减施能缩短烤烟生育期，显著增加烟株株高、有效叶数和最大叶宽。在烟叶化学成分方面，氮肥减施 10% 处理烤后烟叶还原糖、总氮、烟碱含量等均在云南优质烤烟常规化学成分指标要求范围内；在烟叶外观质量方面，氮肥减施 10%、 20% 处理烤后烟叶颜色呈桔黄，结构疏松或尚疏松，油分充足，烟叶外观质量较好；就氮素养分分配而言，各处理烟株各部位氮素含量呈现叶部 > 茎部 > 根部的规律，且氮肥减施 10% 处理显著提高了烟株叶部氮素含量；就氮肥利用率而言，氮肥减施 10% 和 20% 处理的氮肥利用率、农学效率、偏生产力分别提高 10.15%、9.31%，3.66%、 5.22%，5.22%、8.72%，而氮肥减施 30% 处理的氮肥利用率与常规施氮处理间无明显差异；在经济性状方面，氮肥减施 10% 处理的烤烟产量和产值较常规施氮肥分别提高 6.47% 和 16.18%。【结论】氮肥减施 10%、20% 处理显著影响烟株农艺性状、养分分配、烟叶化学成分及经济性状等指标，但氮肥减施 30% 处理对烟株农艺性状、经济性状指标影响不显著。氮肥适量减施可促进烤烟生长、提高烤烟产质量和肥料利用率。

英文摘要:

【Objective】The effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on the growth and development, nutrient utilization, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were studied, and the feasibility of nitrogen fertilizer reduction was preliminarily clarified, which provided a theoretical basis for the sustainable production of flue-cured tobacco.【Method】Five treatments were set up, including no fertilization (control), conventional nitrogen application, 10% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer, 20% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer and 30% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer. The agronomic traits, economic traits, chemical composition and fertilizer utilization rate of tobacco plants in each treatment were compared and analyzed.【Result】An appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer reduction could shorten the growth period of flue-cured tobacco, and significantly increased the plant height, effective leaf number and maximum leaf width. In terms of chemical composition of tobacco leaves, the indexes of reducing sugar content, total nitrogen content and nicotine content of flue-cured tobacco leaves treated with nitrogen fertilizer reduction by 10% were all within the requirements of conventional chemical composition indexes of highquality flue-cured tobacco in Yunnan. In terms of appearance quality of tobacco leaves, the color of flue-cured tobacco leaves treated with nitrogen fertilizer reduction of 10% and 20% was orange, the structure was loose or still loose, the oil was sufficient, and the appearance quality of tobacco leaves was better. In terms of nitrogen nutrient distribution, the nitrogen content of each part of tobacco plants showed the rule of leaf > stem > root, and the nitrogen content of tobacco leaves was significantly increased under the treatment of 10% nitrogen reduction. In terms of nitrogen use efficiency, after reducing nitrogen application by 10% and 20%, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, agronomic efficiency and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer increased by 10.15%, 9.31%, 3.66%, 5.22%, 5.22%, 8.72%, respectively. After reducing nitrogen application by 30%, there was no significant difference between nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and conventional nitrogen application rate. In terms of economic traits, the yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco increased by 6.47% and 16.18% after reducing nitrogen fertilizer by 10%.【Conclusion】The reduction of nitrogen fertilizer by 10% and 20% significantly affected the agronomic traits, nutrient distribution, chemical composition and economic traits of tobacco plants, however, the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer by 30% had no significant effect on the agronomic traits and economic traits of tobacco plants. The appropriate reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application promoted the growth of flue-cured tobacco, and improved the yield and quality as well as fertilizer utilization rate of flue-cured tobacco.

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