| Mycotoxins, as secondary metabolites produced by fungi, are a common threat to food safety and are
hazardous to human and livestock health. Mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products causes significant economic
losses worldwide. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to develop technologies for mycotoxins detection, degradation, and
controlling their contamination. Immunoassays, which use antibodies, are now commonly used for the detection and largescale screening of mycotoxins in agricultural products. As a new type of antibody, nanobodies have a small size, easy
expression in vitro, and high stability compared to traditional monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Therefore, they are
widely used in mycotoxin detection technologies. In this review, we summarize the development of nanobodies for common
mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin, fumonisin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, etc.) detection, focus on the applications of antim ycotoxin and anti-idiotypic nanobodies in the context of several immunoassay methods, mainly compare the detecti on parameters such as half inhibition rate, detection limit, and linear range. We further describe the advantages and disadvantages
of detection technologies based on anti-mycotoxin and anti-idiotypic nanobodies and discuss the key issues in the development
of mycotoxin detection methods, such as the difficulty of developing new nanobodies and the small number of detectable
mycotoxins when using current methods. Moreover, we point out the future directions of applying rational design, directed
evolution, and peptide screen and design methods to develop nanobody variants and propose potential avenues for the future
development of nanobody-based mycotoxin detection technologies. |
