| 薛 皦，朱庆锋，陈 沛，冯彦钊，于 洋.植物染色体重排在作物遗传改良中的应用研究进展[J].广东农业科学,2024,51(3):1-13 |
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植物染色体重排在作物遗传改良中的应用研究进展 |
| Advances in the Application of Plant Chromosome Rearrangement in Crop Genetic Improvement |
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| DOI：10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2024.03.001 |
| 中文关键词: 染色体重排 作物 育种 基因编辑 遗传多样性 遗传改良 |
| 英文关键词: chromosome rearrangement crop breeding gene editing genetic diversity genetic improvement |
| 基金项目:广东省自然科学基金（2021A1515110411）；广东省农业科学院新兴团队项目（202131TD）；广州市重点研发计划项目（2024B03J1363）；广东省农业科学院农业生物基因研究中心创新基金（202203） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 染色体重排是一种可能导致 DNA 片段丢失、重复、易位和倒位的机制，从而改变基因组结构，为创造新的变异性状提供可能。植物染色体重排事件的准确鉴定有助于更深入地理解植物基因组的结构、功能及它们在植物演化和作物育种中的作用。该文深入探讨了植物染色体重排的基本概念，介绍了植物染色体重排的自然发生和人工诱导的技术方法，阐述了植物染色体重排的细胞生物学、分子遗传学和高通量测序鉴定方法。同时，系统总结了植物染色体重排技术在作物遗传育种中的应用，结合具体实践，着重强调了染色体重排技术在提高农作物的遗传多样性、改良农作物的重要性状、增强农作物的环境适应性等方面极具优越性。然而，目前染色体重排的发生概率较低，技术上仍存在挑战，需要更多精准的工具和策略来实现染色体片段的精准定位和重排。通过全面了解染色体重排及其相关技术，研究人员和育种家可以更好地利用植物基因组，为全球粮食安全和环境可持续发展提供创新解决方案。相关研究不仅为深入认识植物基因组提供新途径，也为未来创新作物育种奠定坚实基础。通过挖掘植物基因组的多样性和可塑性，染色体重排技术有望为培育高产、优质、多抗的农作物新品种提供更多可能性，对解决全球日益严峻的粮食安全和气候适应性问题具有重要意义。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Chromosome rearrangement is a mechanism that can lead to the loss, duplication, translocation and inversion of DNA segments, thereby altering the genomic structure and providing possibilities for creating new variable traits. Accurate identification of plant chromosome rearrangement events contributes to a deeper understanding of the structure and function of the plant genomes as well as their roles in plant evolution and crop breeding. This review delves into the fundamental concepts of plant chromosome rearrangement, presenting both naturally occurring and artificially induced techniques. It elucidates the cytological, molecular genetic and high-throughput sequencing identification methods for plant chromosome rearrangement. We systematically summarize the application of plant chromosome rearrangement techniques in crop genetic breeding, emphasizing the superiority and practical implementation of chromosome rearrangement in increasing genetic diversity, improving essential traits and enhancing environmental adaptability of crops. However, the occurrence probability of chromosome rearrangement is relatively low currently, posing technical challenges that necessitate more precise tools and strategies for the accurate positioning and rearrangement of chromosomal fragments. By comprehensively understanding chromosome rearrangement and its related technologies, researchers and breeders can better leverage the plant genome, providing innovative solutions for global food security and sustainable environmental development. These researches not only open new approach for a deeper understanding of the plant genome but also lay a solid foundation for future innovations in crop breeding. Through tapping into the diversity and plasticity of the plant genome, chromosome rearrangement technology holds the potential to offer more possibilities for cultivating high-yielding, superior-quality and resistant crop varieties, addressing the increasingly critical issues of global food security and climate adaptability. |
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